🌿 Plant Kingdom – MCQs

Part 1 (Q1–Q25)

Q1. The plant kingdom is divided into how many main groups?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4 ✅
D) 5

Explanation: The plant kingdom is broadly classified into Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms/Angiosperms (Phanerogams).

Q2. The first true land plants are:

A) Algae
B) Bryophytes ✅
C) Pteridophytes
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom since they live on land but require water for fertilization.

Q3. The dominant phase in bryophytes is:

A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte ✅
C) Both
D) None

Explanation: In bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant and photosynthetic.

Q4. Vascular tissue first appeared in:

A) Algae
B) Bryophytes
C) Pteridophytes ✅
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Pteridophytes were the first plants to develop xylem and phloem (vascular tissue).

Q5. Which algae are used as biofertilizers in paddy fields?

A) Spirogyra
B) Chlamydomonas
C) Nostoc and Anabaena ✅
D) Ulothrix

Explanation: Cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching paddy fields.

Q6. The seed habit first appeared in:

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms ✅
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Gymnosperms were the first plants to produce seeds (but naked, not enclosed in fruits).

Q7. Which algae is called “green algae”?

A) Rhodophyta
B) Chlorophyceae ✅
C) Phaeophyceae
D) Cyanobacteria

Explanation: Chlorophyceae are green algae due to chlorophyll a and b.

Q8. Agar-agar is obtained from:

A) Red algae ✅
B) Brown algae
C) Green algae
D) Blue-green algae

Explanation: Red algae (Gelidium, Gracilaria) are used to prepare agar in laboratories.

Q9. Which is called “brown algae”?

A) Phaeophyceae ✅
B) Chlorophyceae
C) Rhodophyceae
D) Cyanophyceae

Explanation: Phaeophyceae are brown algae, having fucoxanthin pigment.

Q10. Red algae reserve food material is:

A) Starch
B) Laminarin
C) Floridean starch ✅
D) Glycogen

Explanation: Rhodophyceae (red algae) store food as floridean starch.

Q11. Alternation of generations is absent in:

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Algae
D) None ✅

Explanation: All plants show alternation of generations, but it is simplest in algae.

Q12. Which of the following is homosporous?

A) Fern ✅
B) Selaginella
C) Gymnosperm
D) Angiosperm

Explanation: Ferns produce only one type of spore (homosporous condition).

Q13. Which is heterosporous?

A) Selaginella ✅
B) Fern
C) Lycopodium
D) Moss

Explanation: Selaginella produces two types of spores – microspores and megaspores.

Q14. Gymnosperms are also known as:

A) Non-flowering plants ✅
B) Flowering plants
C) Seedless plants
D) Thallophytes

Explanation: Gymnosperms are non-flowering, seed-bearing plants with naked seeds.

Q15. Double fertilization is a unique feature of:

A) Algae
B) Gymnosperms
C) Angiosperms ✅
D) Pteridophytes

Explanation: Angiosperms show double fertilization (syngamy + triple fusion).

Q16. Which is called “moss plant”?

A) Funaria ✅
B) Selaginella
C) Pinus
D) Cycas

Explanation: Funaria is a common moss, a bryophyte.

Q17. Coralloid roots are present in:

A) Ferns
B) Cycas ✅
C) Pinus
D) Mango

Explanation: Cycas (a gymnosperm) has coralloid roots with symbiotic cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation.

Q18. Sorus is found in:

A) Fern ✅
B) Pinus
C) Cycas
D) Moss

Explanation: Sori are clusters of sporangia found on the underside of fern leaves.

Q19. Which is a unicellular green alga?

A) Spirogyra
B) Volvox
C) Chlamydomonas ✅
D) Ulothrix

Explanation: Chlamydomonas is a unicellular, motile green alga.

Q20. Algae are primarily important because:

A) They form food for fishes
B) They produce oxygen ✅
C) They store starch
D) They live in water

Explanation: Algae perform photosynthesis and release a large amount of oxygen into the atmosphere.

Q21. Bryophytes lack:

A) Roots ✅
B) Stem
C) Leaf
D) Sporophyte

Explanation: Bryophytes have rhizoids instead of true roots.

Q22. The first vascular cryptogams are:

A) Ferns ✅
B) Cycas
C) Moss
D) Algae

Explanation: Ferns (pteridophytes) are called vascular cryptogams.

Q23. Plants without flowers and fruits are:

A) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
B) Bryophytes and Pteridophytes ✅
C) Angiosperms
D) None

Explanation: Bryophytes and pteridophytes are cryptogams (no flowers, no fruits).

Q24. Xylem of gymnosperms lacks:

A) Tracheids
B) Vessels ✅
C) Fibres
D) Parenchyma

Explanation: Gymnosperms have only tracheids in xylem; vessels are absent.

Q25. The “seed ferns” are also called:

A) Cycadofilicales ✅
B) Bryophytes
C) Ferns
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Cycadofilicales are extinct plants called seed ferns, showing fern-like leaves and seeds.

🌿 Diversity of the Living World – Plant Kingdom

Part 2 (Q26–Q50)

Q26. Which of the following is called “stoneworts”?

A) Spirogyra
B) Chara ✅
C) Ulothrix
D) Volvox

Explanation: Chara is a green alga with calcium carbonate deposition, called stonewort.

Q27. Amphibians of the plant kingdom are:

A) Algae
B) Bryophytes ✅
C) Pteridophytes
D) Gymnosperms

Explanation: Bryophytes live on land but need water for fertilization.

Q28. Protonema is the first stage in:

A) Fern
B) Cycas
C) Moss ✅
D) Pinus

Explanation: Moss spores germinate into a protonema, a filamentous gametophyte stage.

Q29. Which plant is heterosporous?

A) Selaginella ✅
B) Fern
C) Lycopodium
D) Moss

Explanation: Selaginella (pteridophyte) produces microspores and megaspores.

Q30. Which of the following is a gymnosperm?

A) Mango
B) Pinus ✅
C) Fern
D) Moss

Explanation: Pinus is a gymnosperm with naked seeds.

Q31. Vessels are absent in:

A) Angiosperms
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms ✅
D) Monocots

Explanation: Gymnosperms lack xylem vessels; only tracheids are present.

Q32. An example of brown algae is:

A) Spirogyra
B) Laminaria ✅
C) Chlamydomonas
D) Nostoc

Explanation: Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum belong to brown algae (Phaeophyceae).

Q33. Which pigment is characteristic of red algae?

A) Chlorophyll-a
B) Chlorophyll-b
C) Phycoerythrin ✅
D) Fucoxanthin

Explanation: Red algae (Rhodophyceae) contain phycoerythrin, giving them a red color.

Q34. Food in brown algae is stored as:

A) Starch
B) Laminarin ✅
C) Glycogen
D) Floridean starch

Explanation: Brown algae store food as laminarin and mannitol.

Q35. The sex organs in bryophytes are:

A) Monocyst
B) Gametangia ✅
C) Archegonia & Antheridia ✅
D) Zoospores

Correct Answer: C) Archegonia & Antheridia

Explanation: Bryophytes have archegonia (female) and antheridia (male) gametangia.

Q36. In moss, sporophyte is:

A) Independent
B) Dependent ✅
C) Free-living
D) None

Explanation: The sporophyte of moss depends on the gametophyte for nutrition.

Q37. Which of the following is a seedless vascular plant?

A) Bryophyte
B) Pteridophyte ✅
C) Gymnosperm
D) Angiosperm

Explanation: Pteridophytes have vascular tissues but reproduce by spores, not seeds.

Q38. Gymnosperm seeds are called “naked” because:

A) They lack endosperm
B) They are not enclosed in fruit ✅
C) They are exposed to air
D) They germinate quickly

Explanation: Gymnosperm seeds are not enclosed in an ovary wall (no fruit formation).

Q39. Sargassum belongs to:

A) Chlorophyceae
B) Rhodophyceae
C) Phaeophyceae ✅
D) Cyanophyceae

Explanation: Sargassum is a brown alga under Phaeophyceae.

Q40. Bryophytes are also known as:

A) Amphibians ✅
B) Seedless plants
C) Phanerogams
D) Non-vascular seed plants

Explanation: Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.

Q41. Archegonia are absent in:

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms ✅

Explanation: Angiosperms do not have archegonia; instead, they have an egg apparatus in embryo sac.

Q42. Double fertilization is found only in:

A) Gymnosperms
B) Angiosperms ✅
C) Bryophytes
D) Pteridophytes

Explanation: Angiosperms show syngamy (zygote) + triple fusion (endosperm) = double fertilization.

Q43. Cycas belongs to:

A) Pteridophytes
B) Gymnosperms ✅
C) Angiosperms
D) Bryophytes

Explanation: Cycas is a gymnosperm with naked seeds and coralloid roots.

Q44. Embryo sac in angiosperms is:

A) Haploid ✅
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Tetraploid

Explanation: Embryo sac (female gametophyte) in angiosperms is haploid (n).

Q45. Which is a vascular cryptogam?

A) Moss
B) Fern ✅
C) Pinus
D) Cycas

Explanation: Ferns (pteridophytes) are vascular but reproduce by spores (cryptogams).

Q46. The zygote in bryophytes develops into:

A) Sporophyte ✅
B) Gametophyte
C) Protonema
D) Rhizoid

Explanation: In bryophytes, the zygote develops into a sporophyte attached to the gametophyte.

Q47. The smallest flowering plant is:

A) Wolffia ✅
B) Lemna
C) Azolla
D) Utricularia

Explanation: Wolffia is the smallest angiosperm, measuring only about 1 mm.

Q48. The largest gymnosperm is:

A) Pinus
B) Sequoia (Redwood) ✅
C) Cycas
D) Ginkgo

Explanation: Sequoia sempervirens (Redwood) is the tallest gymnosperm.

Q49. Pollination in gymnosperms is usually:

A) Water
B) Insects
C) Wind ✅
D) Birds

Explanation: Gymnosperms are mostly wind-pollinated (anemophilous).

Q50. Embryophytes include:

A) Algae
B) Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms ✅
C) Only Angiosperms
D) Only Bryophytes

Explanation: Embryophytes are land plants with an embryo stage = Bryophytes + Pteridophytes + Gymnosperms + Angiosperms.

🌿 Diversity of the Living World – Plant Kingdom

Part 3 (Q51–Q75)

Q51. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is:

A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte ✅
C) Protonema
D) Prothallus

Explanation: In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is dominant and independent; gametophyte is small.

Q52. Which plant group first showed true roots, stems, and leaves?

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes ✅
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants with true roots, stems, and leaves.

Q53. Which of the following is a living fossil?

A) Pinus
B) Cycas ✅
C) Ginkgo ✅
D) Both B & C

Correct Answer: D) Both B & C

Explanation: Cycas and Ginkgo are considered living fossils as they resemble ancient extinct plants.

Q54. The haploid structure in moss life cycle is:

A) Sporophyte
B) Protonema ✅
C) Capsule
D) Sporangium

Explanation: Protonema is a haploid, gametophytic structure in mosses.

Q55. The reserve food material in red algae is:

A) Starch
B) Floridean starch ✅
C) Laminarin
D) Mannitol

Explanation: Rhodophyceae store food as floridean starch.

Q56. Algae that cause “red tides” are:

A) Green algae
B) Brown algae
C) Dinoflagellates ✅
D) Red algae

Explanation: Dinoflagellates (not true algae but protists) cause red tides in seas.

Q57. Which gymnosperm shows motile sperms?

A) Pinus
B) Cycas ✅
C) Ginkgo ✅
D) Both B & C

Correct Answer: D) Both B & C

Explanation: Cycas and Ginkgo have motile, flagellated male gametes.

Q58. Endosperm in gymnosperms is:

A) Diploid
B) Triploid
C) Haploid ✅
D) Polyploid

Explanation: In gymnosperms, endosperm is haploid (from female gametophyte).

Q59. Angiosperms are divided into:

A) Gymnosperms and Monocots
B) Monocots and Dicots ✅
C) Thallophytes and Cryptogams
D) Ferns and Mosses

Explanation: Angiosperms are classified into monocots and dicots based on seed leaves.

Q60. In moss, the sporophyte consists of:

A) Capsule only
B) Foot, seta, capsule ✅
C) Capsule and seta
D) Capsule and spores

Explanation: Moss sporophyte has foot, seta, and capsule attached to gametophyte.

Q61. Siphonogamy occurs in:

A) Ferns
B) Cycas
C) Angiosperms ✅
D) Moss

Explanation: In angiosperms, male gametes are carried to the egg through a pollen tube (siphonogamy).

Q62. Which gymnosperm is known as the “maidenhair tree”?

A) Pinus
B) Cycas
C) Ginkgo biloba ✅
D) Sequoia

Explanation: Ginkgo biloba is called the maidenhair tree, the only living species of its group.

Q63. In ferns, the gametophyte is called:

A) Protonema
B) Prothallus ✅
C) Archegonium
D) Sorus

Explanation: In pteridophytes (ferns), the gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped prothallus.

Q64. Which is a floating aquatic fern?

A) Cycas
B) Azolla ✅
C) Pinus
D) Selaginella

Explanation: Azolla, a floating fern, is used as biofertilizer in paddy fields with Anabaena.

Q65. Pollination in angiosperms occurs through:

A) Wind
B) Insects
C) Water
D) All of the above ✅

Explanation: Angiosperms show wind (anemophily), insect (entomophily), and water pollination (hydrophily).

Q66. Which pteridophyte is heterosporous?

A) Lycopodium
B) Selaginella ✅
C) Pteris
D) Adiantum

Explanation: Selaginella is a heterosporous pteridophyte.

Q67. The ovules of gymnosperms are:

A) Enclosed in ovary
B) Naked ✅
C) Inside fruit
D) Absent

Explanation: In gymnosperms, ovules and seeds are naked, not enclosed in ovary/fruit.

Q68. Which is the most advanced group of algae?

A) Chlorophyceae ✅
B) Phaeophyceae
C) Rhodophyceae
D) Cyanophyceae

Explanation: Green algae (Chlorophyceae) are considered most advanced, resembling higher plants.

Q69. The reserve food material in brown algae is:

A) Starch
B) Glycogen
C) Laminarin ✅
D) Floridean starch

Explanation: Brown algae store food as laminarin and mannitol.

Q70. The sex organs in pteridophytes are:

A) Archegonia and Antheridia ✅
B) Zoospores
C) Gametangia only
D) Capsule and Seta

Explanation: Pteridophytes have archegonia (female) and antheridia (male).

Q71. A seed habit evolved first in:

A) Pteridophytes
B) Gymnosperms ✅
C) Bryophytes
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Gymnosperms were the first plants to develop seeds.

Q72. The fertilization in bryophytes requires:

A) Wind
B) Water ✅
C) Insects
D) None

Explanation: In bryophytes, water is essential for sperm to reach egg.

Q73. The haploid number of chromosomes is present in:

A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte ✅
C) Zygote
D) Endosperm (angiosperms)

Explanation: Gametophyte is haploid (n); sporophyte is diploid (2n).

Q74. In ferns, sori are found on:

A) Roots
B) Stems
C) Underside of leaves ✅
D) Capsule

Explanation: Sori (clusters of sporangia) are found on the underside of fern leaves.

Q75. The main basis of classification in algae is:

A) Reserve food
B) Habitat
C) Type of pigments ✅
D) Thallus structure

Explanation: Algae are classified into Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae based on pigments and storage products.

🌿 Diversity of the Living World – Plant Kingdom

Part 4 (Q76–Q100)

Q76. The vascular tissue in pteridophytes is:

A) Absent
B) Present ✅
C) Primitive
D) Reduced

Explanation: Pteridophytes were the first land plants to develop xylem and phloem.

Q77. Which pteridophyte shows heterospory?

A) Pteris
B) Adiantum
C) Selaginella ✅
D) Lycopodium

Explanation: Selaginella produces two types of spores (microspores and megaspores).

Q78. The endosperm in angiosperms is formed after:

A) Mitosis
B) Double fertilization ✅
C) Meiosis
D) Germination

Explanation: Endosperm (3n) is formed by triple fusion, unique to angiosperms.

Q79. The largest algae is:

A) Ulothrix
B) Laminaria (kelp) ✅
C) Spirogyra
D) Chara

Explanation: Laminaria (kelp) is a large brown alga, growing up to several meters.

Q80. Protonema is characteristic of:

A) Bryophytes ✅
B) Pteridophytes
C) Angiosperms
D) Gymnosperms

Explanation: Moss spores germinate into protonema, a juvenile gametophyte.

Q81. Pteridophytes reproduce by:

A) Seeds
B) Spores ✅
C) Fruits
D) Embryos

Explanation: Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants that reproduce via spores.

Q82. Gymnosperms are mainly pollinated by:

A) Insects
B) Birds
C) Wind ✅
D) Water

Explanation: Gymnosperms are anemophilous (wind-pollinated).

Q83. Embryo sac of angiosperms develops from:

A) Microspore
B) Megaspore ✅
C) Ovary wall
D) Ovule stalk

Explanation: Megaspore undergoes mitosis to form the female gametophyte (embryo sac).

Q84. Which is the smallest flowering plant?

A) Lemna
B) Wolffia ✅
C) Utricularia
D) Azolla

Explanation: Wolffia is the smallest angiosperm, about 1 mm long.

Q85. The female sex organ in bryophytes is:

A) Archegonium ✅
B) Antheridium
C) Sporangium
D) Capsule

Explanation: In bryophytes, archegonium produces the female gamete (egg).

Q86. In angiosperms, male gametes are carried by:

A) Water
B) Pollen tube ✅
C) Archegonium
D) Sporangium

Explanation: Pollen tube carries male gametes to the egg in angiosperms (siphonogamy).

Q87. A gymnosperm with fan-shaped leaves is:

A) Pinus
B) Ginkgo biloba ✅
C) Cycas
D) Sequoia

Explanation: Ginkgo biloba is called the maidenhair tree with fan-shaped leaves.

Q88. Liverworts belong to:

A) Bryophytes ✅
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Riccia and Marchantia are examples of liverworts, a group of bryophytes.

Q89. Funaria is an example of:

A) Liverwort
B) Moss ✅
C) Fern
D) Cycas

Explanation: Funaria is a common moss plant.

Q90. A true root system first appeared in:

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes ✅
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms

Explanation: Bryophytes have rhizoids, not roots; pteridophytes first evolved true roots.

Q91. Algae differ from bryophytes in having:

A) Embryo absent ✅
B) Thallus body
C) Chlorophyll
D) Aquatic habitat

Explanation: Algae lack an embryo stage, but bryophytes are embryophytes.

Q92. In gymnosperms, endosperm is:

A) Haploid ✅
B) Diploid
C) Triploid
D) Polyploid

Explanation: Gymnosperm endosperm develops from the haploid female gametophyte.

Q93. The process of double fertilization was discovered by:

A) Darwin
B) Nawaschin ✅
C) Linnaeus
D) Strasburger

Explanation: Nawaschin (1898) discovered double fertilization in angiosperms.

Q94. The algae important in iodine extraction is:

A) Laminaria ✅
B) Spirogyra
C) Chlamydomonas
D) Ulothrix

Explanation: Laminaria and Fucus (brown algae) are sources of iodine.

Q95. Bryophytes are confined to moist places because:

A) They lack xylem and phloem ✅
B) They lack chlorophyll
C) They reproduce only by seeds
D) They have thick cuticle

Explanation: Bryophytes lack vascular tissues, hence need moist habitats.

Q96. The common name of Phaeophyceae is:

A) Green algae
B) Red algae
C) Brown algae ✅
D) Blue-green algae

Explanation: Phaeophyceae are brown algae due to fucoxanthin pigment.

Q97. Cycads resemble palms, so they are often called:

A) Living fossils
B) Palm ferns ✅
C) Moss ferns
D) Seedless plants

Explanation: Cycas resembles palms, hence called palm ferns.

Q98. In moss, spores are produced in:

A) Protonema
B) Capsule ✅
C) Rhizoids
D) Archegonia

Explanation: Moss spores are produced inside capsule (sporophyte).

Q99. In angiosperms, fertilization occurs in:

A) Archegonium
B) Ovule ✅
C) Anther
D) Capsule

Explanation: In angiosperms, fertilization occurs inside the ovule (embryo sac).

Q100. The most advanced group in plant kingdom is:

A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms ✅

Explanation: Angiosperms are the most evolved plants, with flowers, fruits, and double fertilization.

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