Bioinformatics MCQs — Part 1 (Q1–Q25)

Q1. Bioinformatics is best defined as:

A. The study of living organisms
B. Analysis of chemical reactions in cells
C. Application of computational tools to manage and analyze biological data ✅
D. Study of anatomy and physiology

A/D: Too general.
B: Biochemistry, not bioinformatics.
C: Bioinformatics integrates biology, computer science, and statistics to interpret biological data.

Q2. The primary international DNA sequence database is:

A. Swiss-Prot
B. GenBank ✅
C. PDB
D. Pfam

A: Swiss-Prot = proteins.
B: GenBank (NCBI) is a comprehensive nucleotide sequence database.
C: Protein structures.
D: Protein families.

Q3. Which database is known for storing 3D structures of proteins?

A. GenBank
B. Protein Data Bank (PDB) ✅
C. KEGG
D. ENSEMBL

A: Nucleotide sequences.
B: PDB archives experimentally determined 3D biomolecular structures.
C: Pathway database.
D: Genome annotations.

Q4. BLAST stands for:

A. Basic Local Alignment Search Theory
B. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ✅
C. Biological Linkage and Structure Test
D. Bioinformatics Learning and Analysis Software

B: BLAST is a widely used tool for sequence similarity searching.

Q5. Which algorithm is most commonly used for multiple sequence alignment?

A. BLAST
B. FASTA
C. ClustalW ✅
D. PCR

A/B: For pairwise alignment.
C: ClustalW aligns multiple sequences at once.
D: PCR amplifies DNA, not an alignment algorithm.

Q6. Which bioinformatics database provides information about metabolic pathways?

A. GenBank
B. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) ✅
C. Swiss-Prot
D. OMIM

A: Nucleotides.
B: KEGG maps pathways, genomes, diseases, drugs.
C: Protein sequences.
D: Genetic disorders.

Q7. The FASTA format is used to:

A. Visualize proteins in 3D
B. Store chromatogram data
C. Represent nucleotide or protein sequences in plain text ✅
D. Analyze protein domains

C: FASTA uses “>” header lines followed by sequence data.

Q8. The process of comparing DNA or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity is called:

A. Annotation
B. Sequence alignment ✅
C. Hybridization
D. Simulation

A: Annotation assigns functions.
B: Alignment compares sequences to study similarity and function.
C: Experimental technique.
D: Not the correct term.

Q9. Which of the following is a primary protein sequence database?

A. KEGG
B. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ✅
C. STRING
D. RCSB PDB

A: Pathways.
B: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot provides manually curated protein sequence/function data.
C: Protein interactions.
D: Structures.

Q10. Homology modeling in bioinformatics predicts:

A. RNA folding
B. 3D structure of a protein based on known homologous structures ✅
C. Protein expression levels
D. Metabolic flux

B: Homology modeling uses sequence similarity to predict unknown structures.

Q11. Which file format is standard for storing 3D coordinates of biomolecules?

A. FASTA
B. PDB format ✅
C. BED
D. SAM

A: Sequences.
B: PDB files list atomic coordinates of structures.
C/D: Genomics formats, not structure.

Q12. The central dogma of bioinformatics relates to:

A. Cell signaling
B. Flow of biological information: DNA → RNA → Protein ✅
C. Photosynthesis
D. Enzyme catalysis

B: Bioinformatics databases and tools analyze each step of the central dogma.

Q13. Which is a secondary structure prediction method?

A. SWISS-MODEL
B. Chou-Fasman algorithm ✅
C. BLAST
D. PCR

A: Homology modeling.
B: Chou-Fasman predicts α-helices, β-sheets.
C/D: Not secondary structure methods.

Q14. The E-value in BLAST indicates:

A. Protein expression level
B. Expected number of matches by chance ✅
C. Number of exons
D. PCR efficiency

B: Lower E-value → more significant alignment.

Q15. Which bioinformatics tool is used for phylogenetic tree construction?

A. PCR
B. MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) ✅
C. SDS-PAGE
D. ELISA

A/C/D: Not bioinformatics tools.
B: MEGA builds phylogenetic trees from sequence data.

Q16. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are widely used in:

A. Gene therapy
B. Protein family/domain prediction (Pfam) ✅
C. PCR
D. Southern blotting

B: HMMs identify conserved motifs/domains in protein families.

Q17. A contig in genome assembly is:

A. A protein interaction
B. Overlapping DNA sequence fragments combined into one continuous sequence ✅
C. A metabolic pathway
D. A phylogenetic branch

B: Contigs result from assembling short reads into longer stretches.

Q18. The Human Genome Project used mainly:

A. Nanopore sequencing
B. Sanger sequencing ✅
C. Illumina sequencing
D. PacBio

B: HGP relied on Sanger sequencing (hierarchical approach).

Q19. Which database is specifically for genetic disorders?

A. PDB
B. KEGG
C. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) ✅
D. UniProt

A/B/D: Other focuses.
C: OMIM catalogs human genes and genetic diseases.

Q20. A motif in bioinformatics refers to:

A. RNA codon
B. Short conserved sequence or structural pattern with biological significance ✅
C. Whole chromosome
D. Gene cluster

B: Motifs often indicate functional sites like binding domains.

Q21. Which alignment method allows gaps and mismatches?

A. Dot plot only
B. Restriction mapping
C. Dynamic programming (Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman) ✅
D. PCR

A: Visualization method.
C: DP algorithms optimize alignments with gaps/mismatches.

Q22. Which bioinformatics technique identifies orthologs across species?

A. PCR
B. Comparative genomics ✅
C. Western blot
D. ELISA

B: Comparative genomics detects orthologous genes from common ancestry.

Q23. A heatmap in bioinformatics typically represents:

A. DNA replication
B. Expression levels of genes/proteins across samples ✅
C. Protein folding
D. RNA splicing

B: Heatmaps visualize high-throughput omics data.

Q24. The codon table is used to:

A. Identify introns
B. Translate nucleotide triplets (codons) into amino acids ✅
C. Align sequences
D. Build databases

B: Codon table relates RNA codons to amino acids.

Q25. Which of the following is a pairwise sequence alignment tool?

A. MEGA
B. FASTA ✅
C. KEGG
D. STRING

A: Phylogenetics.
B: FASTA performs pairwise alignment (query vs database).
C: Pathways.
D: Protein interactions.

Bioinformatics MCQs — Part 2 (Q26–Q50)

Q26. Which is a sequence alignment scoring matrix used in bioinformatics?

A. FASTA
B. PAM / BLOSUM ✅
C. PDB
D. PCR

A: FASTA = tool, not a matrix.
B: PAM and BLOSUM are substitution matrices for alignment scoring.
C: Structure database.
D: DNA amplification technique.

Q27. The Smith–Waterman algorithm is used for:

A. Genome assembly
B. Local sequence alignment ✅
C. Protein structure prediction
D. DNA replication studies

A/D: Not alignment.
B: Smith–Waterman finds the best local (subsequence) alignment.
C: Separate area.

Q28. Which genome assembly method breaks DNA into overlapping reads and reconstructs sequence?

A. PCR
B. Shotgun sequencing ✅
C. Microarray hybridization
D. RFLP

A/C/D: Not genome assembly.
B: Shotgun sequencing fragments DNA randomly → computational assembly.

Q29. Ensembl database provides:

A. Protein 3D structures
B. Genome annotations for vertebrates and model organisms ✅
C. Metabolic pathways
D. SNP haplotypes

A: PDB does this.
B: Ensembl provides integrated genome annotation resources.
C: KEGG.
D: HapMap Project.

Q30. Which algorithm is used for global alignment?

A. Needleman–Wunsch ✅
B. Smith–Waterman
C. BLAST
D. FASTA

A: Needleman–Wunsch aligns sequences end-to-end (global).
B: Local.
C/D: Heuristic/fast alignment, not exact global.

Q31. Which file format is used for storing high-throughput sequencing reads?

A. PDB
B. FASTQ ✅
C. BED
D. CSV

A: Protein structures.
B: FASTQ stores sequences + quality scores.
C: Genomic intervals.
D: General text data.

Q32. A phylogenetic tree shows:

A. Protein folding steps
B. RNA transcription sites
C. Evolutionary relationships among sequences or species ✅
D. Enzyme kinetics

C: Phylogenetics reconstructs evolutionary history using sequence data.

Q33. Which bioinformatics tool is used for protein domain and motif analysis?

A. BLASTn
B. Pfam / PROSITE ✅
C. FASTA
D. ELISA

A: Nucleotide search.
B: Pfam/PROSITE specialize in motif/domain identification.
C: Pairwise alignment.
D: Immunoassay.

Q34. The NCBI provides all EXCEPT:

A. BLAST
B. GenBank
C. PubMed
D. Cryo-EM imaging ✅

A/B/C: Major NCBI services.
D: Imaging is experimental, not NCBI’s role.

Q35. Which technique is used for gene expression profiling?

A. PCR only
B. Microarrays / RNA-Seq ✅
C. Restriction digestion
D. X-ray crystallography

A: Too limited.
B: Microarrays and RNA-Seq provide genome-wide expression profiles.
C/D: Not expression tools.

Q36. The HapMap Project aimed to:

A. Sequence all proteins
B. Catalog common human genetic variations (SNPs) ✅
C. Discover RNA modifications
D. Analyze proteomes

A/C/D: Not HapMap focus.
B: HapMap mapped SNP haplotype blocks for disease studies.

Q37. Which software is widely used for visualizing DNA sequence chromatograms?

A. Rasmol
B. Chromas / FinchTV ✅
C. BLAST
D. FASTA

A: Protein 3D viewer.
B: Chromas/FinchTV display raw Sanger sequencing chromatograms.
C/D: Alignment tools.

Q38. The central role of bioinformatics in drug discovery is:

A. Conducting surgeries
B. Identifying drug targets and virtual screening ✅
C. Manufacturing vaccines
D. Clinical trials

A/C/D: Downstream processes.
B: Bioinformatics aids in in-silico target identification and screening.

Q39. Which sequencing method produces short high-throughput reads?

A. Sanger
B. Illumina sequencing ✅
C. Nanopore
D. PacBio

A: Long accurate reads but low throughput.
B: Illumina generates millions of short reads (100–300 bp).
C/D: Long-read platforms.

Q40. Metagenomics is the study of:

A. Protein folding
B. Genomes of microbial communities directly from environments ✅
C. Human diseases only
D. Chromosome structure

B: Metagenomics bypasses culturing and sequences whole microbial communities.

Q41. Which database is dedicated to protein–protein interactions?

A. PDB
B. STRING / BioGRID ✅
C. KEGG
D. OMIM

A: Structures.
B: STRING, BioGRID store interaction networks.
C: Pathways.
D: Genetic disorders.

Q42. Which file format is used to describe genomic intervals and features?

A. PDB
B. FASTQ
C. BED / GFF ✅
D. CSV

A/B: Not genomic intervals.
C: BED and GFF store genomic coordinates and annotations.
D: General table.

Q43. Which method predicts protein tertiary structure without a template?

A. Homology modeling
B. Ab initio modeling ✅
C. Molecular docking
D. Southern blotting

A: Template-based.
B: Ab initio builds structures from physical principles alone.
C: Studies binding.
D: DNA detection.

Q44. The RCSB PDB provides:

A. DNA sequences
B. Protein 3D structures ✅
C. SNP databases
D. RNA-Seq data

A/C/D: Not correct.
B: RCSB PDB hosts biomolecular structures worldwide.

Q45. Which algorithm is most suitable for gene prediction?

A. Needleman-Wunsch
B. Smith-Waterman
C. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) ✅
D. PCR

A/B: Alignment algorithms.
C: HMMs are widely used for ab initio gene prediction.
D: Lab technique.

Q46. The 1000 Genomes Project aimed to:

A. Sequence plant genomes
B. Provide a deep catalog of human genetic variation ✅
C. Identify proteins in plasma
D. Annotate pathways

A/C/D: Other areas.
B: 1000 Genomes studied global human genetic diversity.

Q47. Orthologous genes are:

A. From gene duplication within species
B. Genes in different species derived from a common ancestor ✅
C. Non-functional pseudogenes
D. Genes with identical sequences only

A: Those are paralogs.
B: Orthologs arise from speciation events.
C/D: Too narrow.

Q48. Paralogous genes result from:

A. Horizontal gene transfer
B. Gene duplication within the same species ✅
C. Mutation of introns
D. Viral integration

A/D: Different processes.
B: Paralogs = duplicated genes within a genome.
C: Not relevant.

Q49. Which is the standard format for storing sequence alignments?

A. CSV
B. CLUSTAL or MSF formats ✅
C. BED
D. SAM

A: General tables.
B: CLUSTAL/MSF are common alignment formats.
C/D: Genomic intervals/alignments of reads, not MSAs.

Q50. Docking studies in bioinformatics are primarily used to:

A. Study DNA replication
B. Predict binding of ligands to proteins ✅
C. Sequence nucleotides
D. Design microarrays

A/C/D: Not docking.
B: Molecular docking predicts drug–protein binding modes.

Bioinformatics MCQs — Part 3 (Q51–Q75)

Q51. The primary structure of a protein refers to:

A. α-helices and β-sheets
B. Protein domains
C. 3D folding pattern
D. Linear sequence of amino acids ✅

A: That’s secondary structure.
B: Domains = higher-level units.
C: Tertiary structure.
D: Primary = amino acid sequence.

Q52. Which of the following tools is used for RNA secondary structure prediction?

A. BLAST
B. mfold / RNAfold ✅
C. PDB
D. FASTA

A/D: Sequence alignment.
B: mfold/RNAfold predict RNA stem–loop and folding patterns.
C: Protein structures.

Q53. The Gene Ontology (GO) project classifies genes into:

A. Only sequence families
B. Biological process, molecular function, cellular component ✅
C. Protein tertiary structures
D. Expression levels

B: GO provides consistent vocab for gene/protein functions.

Q54. Which machine learning method is widely used in bioinformatics?

A. PCR
B. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) ✅
C. SDS-PAGE
D. qRT-PCR

A/C/D: Wet-lab methods.
B: SVMs classify biological data (e.g., gene expression profiles).

Q55. Molecular docking involves:

A. Aligning DNA sequences
B. Predicting orientation of ligand binding to protein ✅
C. RNA splicing
D. Electrophoresis

B: Used in drug discovery to predict binding affinity.

Q56. Which bioinformatics database is specifically for protein families and domains?

A. KEGG
B. GenBank
C. Pfam ✅
D. PDB

A/B/D: Not protein families.
C: Pfam uses HMM profiles for protein domain classification.

Q57. Entropy in bioinformatics sequence analysis is used to:

A. Detect DNA replication
B. Measure variability at sequence positions (information content) ✅
C. Sequence RNA
D. Fold proteins

B: High entropy = variable region; low entropy = conserved region.

Q58. Sequence annotation refers to:

A. DNA amplification
B. Assigning biological meaning (genes, exons, regulatory sites) to sequences ✅
C. RNA hybridization
D. Protein purification

B: Annotation links raw sequence data to functional information.

Q59. The Swiss-Prot database is known for:

A. DNA sequences
B. Manually curated protein sequences with functional info ✅
C. Protein–protein interactions only
D. Genomic intervals

B: Swiss-Prot emphasizes accuracy and annotation quality.

Q60. Which is an ab initio gene prediction tool?

A. BLAST
B. GENSCAN ✅
C. PDB
D. ELISA

A: Similarity search.
B: GENSCAN predicts genes from sequence features alone.
C/D: Not prediction tools.

Q61. The FAIR principles in bioinformatics stand for:

A. Fast, Accurate, Integrated, Reliable
B. Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable ✅
C. Flexible, Automated, Intelligent, Robust
D. First, Accurate, Indexed, Readable

B: FAIR guides data management in life sciences.

Q62. Which programming language is MOST widely used in bioinformatics?

A. Pascal
B. Python / R ✅
C. Fortran
D. BASIC

A/C/D: Historical but uncommon today.
B: Python and R dominate due to rich bioinformatics libraries.

Q63. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) helps in:

A. PCR amplification
B. Detecting conserved regions and evolutionary relationships ✅
C. RNA editing
D. Protein purification

B: MSA identifies conserved motifs/domains → evolutionary insights.

Q64. The ExPASy server is known for:

A. DNA sequencing services
B. Proteomics and protein analysis tools ✅
C. RNA editing
D. Plant genome annotation

B: ExPASy hosts proteomics and protein bioinformatics resources.

Q65. The motif-finding tool MEME is used to:

A. Translate DNA to protein
B. Discover novel sequence motifs in DNA/protein datasets ✅
C. Predict protein folding
D. Visualize 3D models

B: MEME identifies recurring conserved motifs in sequence data.

Q66. Which format is commonly used for storing aligned sequencing reads?

A. PDB
B. FASTA
C. SAM/BAM ✅
D. CSV

A/B/D: Other data formats.
C: SAM/BAM store aligned NGS reads with metadata.

Q67. The Central Dogma of molecular biology is reflected in bioinformatics as:

A. DNA → Proteins only
B. DNA → RNA → Proteins → Bioinformatics data ✅
C. Proteins → RNA → DNA
D. DNA replication → division

B: Bioinformatics tools analyze each level of the dogma.

Q68. Molecular dynamics simulations study:

A. DNA replication
B. Protein and biomolecule motions over time ✅
C. PCR amplification
D. Phylogenetic relationships

B: MD simulates atomic motions → protein folding, stability, drug binding.

Q69. Which bioinformatics resource provides orthology and phylogeny data?

A. PDB
B. OrthoDB / EggNOG ✅
C. PubMed
D. Swiss-Prot

B: OrthoDB/EggNOG group orthologous genes and evolutionary histories.

Q70. GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) identifies:

A. Protein folding pathways
B. Genetic variants linked to traits/diseases ✅
C. RNA transcription sites
D. Protein secondary structures

B: GWAS compares genomes to find SNPs associated with phenotypes.

Q71. Which visualization tool is widely used for phylogenetic trees?

A. BLAST
B. FigTree / iTOL ✅
C. FASTA
D. ELISA

B: FigTree and iTOL generate interactive tree visualizations.

Q72. The BED format in genomics describes:

A. Protein folding
B. RNA motifs
C. Chromosomal intervals/features (start, end, annotation) ✅
D. Protein interactions

C: BED = genomic intervals (e.g., exons, peaks).

Q73. Docking score in molecular docking represents:

A. GC content
B. Binding affinity between ligand and protein ✅
C. RNA expression level
D. DNA replication fidelity

B: Lower docking score → stronger predicted binding.

Q74. Which project mapped all functional DNA elements in the human genome?

A. 1000 Genomes Project
B. HapMap Project
C. ENCODE Project ✅
D. Human Proteome Project

C: ENCODE aimed to identify all coding and non-coding functional DNA regions.

Q75. A SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is:

A. A change in protein folding
B. A variation of a single base in DNA sequence among individuals ✅
C. RNA splicing error
D. Chromosome duplication

B: SNPs are the most common form of genetic variation.

Bioinformatics MCQs — Part 4 (Q76–Q100)

Q76. Which software is widely used for molecular visualization of proteins?

A. FASTA
B. PyMOL / RasMol ✅
C. BLAST
D. PCR

A/C/D: Not visualization tools.
B: PyMOL and RasMol display 3D molecular structures.

Q77. STRING database is mainly used to study:

A. Gene sequences
B. Protein–protein interaction networks ✅
C. RNA secondary structures
D. Phylogenetic trees

B: STRING integrates known and predicted protein interaction data.

Q78. Which tool is best for next-generation sequencing (NGS) read alignment?

A. BLASTp
B. Bowtie / BWA ✅
C. SDS-PAGE
D. qPCR

A: Protein similarity, not read alignment.
B: Bowtie and BWA are popular aligners for short NGS reads.

Q79. Which bioinformatics database links genes to diseases?

A. PDB
B. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) ✅
C. Pfam
D. Swiss-Prot

B: OMIM catalogs gene–disease relationships in humans.

Q80. A motif logo (sequence logo) graphically shows:

A. RNA transcription
B. Conserved sequence positions and variability ✅
C. Protein folding kinetics
D. PCR amplification

B: Sequence logos visualize information content at each alignment position.

Q81. Molecular docking is most important in:

A. Agriculture only
B. Rational drug design ✅
C. Chromosome mapping
D. RNA splicing

B: Docking simulates drug binding to target proteins.

Q82. Epigenomics studies:

A. Gene mutations only
B. RNA editing
C. Genome-wide DNA/histone modifications without changing sequence ✅
D. Protein folding

C: Epigenomics studies methylation, acetylation, histone modifications.

Q83. Which sequencing platform produces long reads?

A. Illumina
B. PacBio / Oxford Nanopore ✅
C. qPCR
D. Microarray

A: Short reads.
B: PacBio and Nanopore are long-read sequencing technologies.

Q84. Which project aimed to catalog the human microbiome?

A. ENCODE Project
B. HapMap Project
C. Human Microbiome Project (HMP) ✅
D. 1000 Genomes

C: HMP studied microbial communities in human body sites.

Q85. Systems biology integrates:

A. DNA replication
B. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics to study networks ✅
C. RNA transcription only
D. Chromosome number

B: Systems biology unifies multiple omics for holistic analysis.

Q86. The motif-finding tool MEME identifies:

A. 3D protein folding
B. Conserved sequence motifs in DNA/proteins ✅
C. SNP haplotypes
D. RNA splicing errors

B: MEME detects recurring conserved motifs in biological sequences.

Q87. CADD scores in bioinformatics predict:

A. RNA editing frequency
B. Pathogenicity of genetic variants ✅
C. Protein folding kinetics
D. Microbial diversity

B: CADD integrates data to rank variants by potential deleteriousness.

Q88. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are important in:

A. PCR
B. Gene prediction and protein domain analysis ✅
C. RNA transcription
D. Protein crystallization

B: HMMs are statistical models for sequence annotation and domain prediction.

Q89. Which format is standard for next-generation sequencing alignments?

A. PDB
B. BAM / SAM ✅
C. BED
D. CSV

A: Protein structures.
B: SAM/BAM store read alignments.
C: Genomic intervals.
D: General text tables.

Q90. Transcriptomics studies:

A. Protein folding
B. DNA replication
C. All RNA transcripts expressed in a cell/tissue ✅
D. Epigenetic modifications

C: Transcriptomics captures mRNA, rRNA, ncRNA profiles.

Q91. Virtual screening in drug discovery uses:

A. PCR
B. In-silico docking of compound libraries ✅
C. Gel electrophoresis
D. DNA hybridization

B: Virtual screening computationally evaluates compound libraries for binding.

Q92. Which is the most common programming language for NGS data pipelines?

A. BASIC
B. Python / R ✅
C. Pascal
D. COBOL

B: Python and R dominate bioinformatics due to libraries like Biopython, Bioconductor.

Q93. Genome browsers like UCSC and Ensembl allow users to:

A. Amplify DNA
B. Visualize annotated genomes with tracks and features ✅
C. Fold proteins
D. Perform PCR

B: Genome browsers integrate annotation, alignments, and visualization.

Q94. Which project first published the draft human genome sequence?

A. ENCODE Project
B. Human Genome Project (2001) ✅
C. HapMap Project
D. 1000 Genomes

B: Draft genome published in 2001; completed in 2003.

Q95. The PAM matrix is based on:

A. Random alignments
B. Observed substitutions per 100 amino acids (evolutionary distance) ✅
C. GC content
D. Hydrophobicity

B: PAM = Point Accepted Mutation matrix, evolutionary model.

Q96. BLOSUM matrices are built from:

A. PCR products
B. Observed substitutions in conserved blocks of alignments ✅
C. Protein 3D models
D. RNA splicing

B: BLOSUM is built from conserved blocks of protein alignments.

Q97. Which approach detects differentially expressed genes?

A. PCR
B. RNA-Seq / Microarray analysis ✅
C. X-ray crystallography
D. Southern blot

B: RNA-Seq and microarrays compare gene expression across conditions.

Q98. Proteogenomics integrates:

A. RNA editing with SNPs
B. Proteomics data with genomic/transcriptomic information ✅
C. Protein folding with docking
D. DNA repair studies

B: Proteogenomics refines genome annotation using proteomics evidence.

Q99. Machine learning in bioinformatics is applied to:

A. DNA amplification
B. Predict gene functions, classify expression patterns, detect variants ✅
C. RNA splicing
D. Gel electrophoresis

B: ML is essential for pattern recognition and predictions in bioinformatics.

Q100. The ultimate goal of bioinformatics is to:

A. Sequence DNA only
B. Extract meaningful biological knowledge from complex datasets ✅
C. Replace lab experiments entirely
D. Store data without analysis

A/D: Too narrow.
C: Complements, not replaces, experiments.
B: Bioinformatics transforms raw data into biological insights.

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