Introduction The Crusades, a series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church between the 11th and 13th centuries, were among the most significant and complex events in medieval history. Originally aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land from…

Introduction Confucianism, a philosophical and ethical system founded by Confucius in the 6th century BCE, has profoundly shaped Chinese society, governance, and culture for over two millennia. Rooted in concepts of morality, proper conduct, and the importance of hierarchical relationships,…

Introduction The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, marked the official end of World War I, a conflict that had reshaped Europe’s political and social landscape. Crafted in the aftermath of the war, the treaty aimed to establish…

Introduction The French Revolution, a watershed moment in the late 18th century, was not only a pivotal event in the history of France but also a profound catalyst for social and political change across Europe. While the Revolution is often…

Introduction Established in the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations (UN) was created to prevent future conflicts, promote international cooperation, and foster a more just and peaceful world. As an intergovernmental organization, the UN has grown to encompass…

Introduction Fascism, a radical authoritarian ideology that emerged in early 20th century Europe, profoundly altered the political and social landscape of the continent. Characterized by dictatorial power, extreme nationalism, and suppression of dissent, fascism found its most infamous expression in…

Introduction The Mongol Empire, which emerged in the 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan, stands as one of the most significant and expansive empires in world history. Spanning vast territories across Eurasia, the empire’s impact on global politics,…