CBSE Class 12 Biology

Chapter-Wise Topic Framework Coverage (Based on NCERT)

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Unit I – Reproduction

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

• Lifespan, ageing, and senescence
• Types of reproduction
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in unicellular and multicellular organisms
• Sexual reproduction: pre-fertilisation, fertilisation, post-fertilisation events
• Reproductive health in organisms (basic concepts)

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Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower as a reproductive organ
• Structure of stamen and carpel
• Microsporogenesis and pollen grain structure
• Megasporogenesis and embryo sac development
• Pollination: types, agencies, and mechanisms
• Double fertilisation
• Post-fertilisation changes
  • Endosperm development
  • Embryo development
  • Seed and fruit formation
• Apomixis and polyembryony (introductory)

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Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

• Male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Gametogenesis
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Oogenesis
• Menstrual cycle
• Fertilisation and implantation
• Pregnancy and embryonic development
• Parturition and lactation

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Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

• Need for reproductive health
• Population explosion and birth control
• Contraceptive methods
• Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

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Unit II – Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Mendel’s laws of inheritance
• Inheritance of one gene
• Inheritance of two genes
• Deviations from Mendelian inheritance
  • Incomplete dominance
  • Codominance
• Multiple alleles and pleiotropy
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance
• Linkage and recombination
• Sex determination mechanisms
• Mutation
• Genetic disorders
  • Mendelian disorders
  • Chromosomal disorders

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Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• DNA as genetic material
• Structure of DNA and RNA
• Replication of DNA
• Transcription
• Genetic code
• Translation
• Regulation of gene expression
• Human Genome Project
• DNA fingerprinting

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Chapter 7: Evolution

• Origin of life
• Evidences for evolution
• Adaptive radiation
• Biological evolution
• Mechanism of evolution
• Hardy–Weinberg principle
• Human evolution

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Unit III – Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

• Health and its significance
• Common human diseases
• Pathogens and parasites
• Immunity
  • Innate immunity
  • Acquired immunity
• Vaccination
• Allergies
• Autoimmune diseases
• Drugs and alcohol abuse

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Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Animal husbandry
• Plant breeding
• Single cell protein (SCP)
• Tissue culture
• Biofortification

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Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in household products
• Microbes in industrial products
• Microbes in sewage treatment
• Microbes in biogas production
• Microbes as biocontrol agents
• Microbes as biofertilisers

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Unit IV – Biotechnology

Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

• Principles of biotechnology
• Tools of recombinant DNA technology
  • Restriction enzymes
  • Cloning vectors
  • Competent host
• Processes of genetic engineering
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Bioreactors
• Downstream processing

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Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

• Biotechnology in agriculture
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
• Bt crops
• RNA interference (RNAi)
• Biotechnology in medicine
• Gene therapy
• Transgenic animals
• Ethical issues in biotechnology

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Unit V – Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

• Organism and environment
• Major abiotic factors
• Responses to abiotic factors
• Adaptations
• Population attributes
• Population growth
• Population interactions

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Chapter 14: Ecosystem

• Ecosystem structure and function
• Productivity
• Decomposition
• Energy flow
• Ecological pyramids
• Nutrient cycles
• Ecological succession
• Ecosystem services

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Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity and its levels
• Patterns of biodiversity
• Importance of biodiversity
• Loss of biodiversity
• Biodiversity conservation
  • In situ conservation
  • Ex situ conservation

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Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

• Air pollution and its control
• Water pollution and its control
• Solid waste management
• Agrochemicals and their effects
• Radioactive wastes
• Greenhouse effect and global warming
• Ozone depletion
• Deforestation

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✅ This framework is:

• 100% NCERT-aligned
• CBSE syllabus accurate
• Clean, academic, and future-proof
• Perfect for syllabus pages, topic indexing, exam mapping, or SEO education portals

🎯 Targeting Exams

This chapter-wise topic framework is specifically designed to support preparation for:

• CBSE Class 12 Board Examinations

• NEET (UG)

• CUET (UG) – Biology

• State Board Class 12 Exams

• School-level Term & Pre-Board Exams

• Competitive Medical Entrance Exams (Foundation Level)

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🔍 Related Keyphrases

• CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus NCERT

• Class 12 Biology chapter wise topics

• NCERT Class 12 Biology curriculum

• CBSE Biology topic framework Class 12

• Class 12 Biology syllabus for NEET

• NCERT Biology Class 12 chapter coverage

• CBSE Class 12 Biology topics list

• CUET Biology syllabus Class 12

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