Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application – MCQs
🟢 Part 1: Biotechnology and Its Applications (Q1–Q25)
Q1. The first FDA-approved recombinant human therapeutic was
a) Human growth hormone
b) Interferon-α
c) Insulin (Humulin)
d) Erythropoietin
Answer: c) Insulin (Humulin)
Explanation: rDNA insulin (1982) was the first widely approved recombinant drug.
Q2. Bt cotton resists insect attack due to expression of
a) Protease inhibitors
b) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin
c) RNAi against insects
d) Chitinase only
Answer: b) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin
Explanation: Cry proteins are toxic to specific lepidopteran larvae, reducing bollworm damage.
Q3. Golden Rice was developed primarily to combat deficiency of
a) Iron
b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin C
d) Iodine
Answer: b) Vitamin A
Explanation: It accumulates β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) in the endosperm.
Q4. Which technique is commonly used for genetic diagnosis of pathogens?
a) Gram staining
b) PCR
c) ELISA only
d) Light microscopy
Answer: b) PCR
Explanation: PCR rapidly amplifies pathogen DNA/RNA for sensitive detection.
Q5. Production of monoclonal antibodies uses
a) Hybridoma technology
b) Northern blotting
c) Gel electrophoresis
d) SDS-PAGE only
Answer: a) Hybridoma technology
Explanation: Fusion of B-cells with myeloma cells yields immortal antibody-secreting clones.
Q6. Somatic gene therapy aims to
a) Alter gametes
b) Treat individual’s body cells
c) Create transgenic animals
d) Modify plant chloroplasts
Answer: b) Treat individual’s body cells
Explanation: Changes are non-heritable; used to correct disease phenotypes.
Q7. Edible vaccines are produced via
a) Recombinant plants (e.g., potato, banana)
b) Bacterial culture tablets
c) Intravenous injection only
d) Heat-killed microbes
Answer: a) Recombinant plants (e.g., potato, banana)
Explanation: Plants express antigenic proteins; ingestion elicits mucosal immunity.
Q8. The purpose of RNA interference (RNAi) in crops is to
a) Increase photosynthesis
b) Silence specific gene expression
c) Enhance transpiration
d) Create polyploidy
Answer: b) Silence specific gene expression
Explanation: dsRNA triggers degradation of target mRNA, giving traits like virus resistance.
Q9. The term “biopiracy” refers to
a) Illegal release of GMOs
b) Patenting biological resources without fair compensation
c) Theft of lab equipment
d) Overuse of antibiotics
Answer: b)
Explanation: It’s unethical appropriation of traditional knowledge/genetic resources.
Q10. Which crop uses RNAi to resist nematodes?
a) Bt cotton
b) Flavr Savr tomato
c) RNAi-brinjal
d) RNAi-based tobacco
Answer: d) RNAi-based tobacco
Explanation: Expression of dsRNA targeting nematode genes confers resistance.
Q11. A biosensor couples a biological element to a
a) Mechanical motor
b) Transducer
c) Bioreactor
d) Thermocycler
Answer: b) Transducer
Explanation: Converts biological interaction (e.g., enzyme-substrate) into measurable signals.
Q12. “Pharming” refers to
a) Growing microbes in fermenters
b) Using transgenic animals/plants to produce pharmaceuticals
c) Organic agriculture
d) Biogas production
Answer: b)
Explanation: Bioreactors inside organisms yield proteins like antithrombin, lactoferrin.
Q13. Which statement about CRISPR-Cas9 is TRUE?
a) Requires protein–DNA recognition only
b) Uses guide RNA to target specific DNA sequences
c) Works only in bacteria
d) Cannot cause double-strand breaks
Answer: b)
Explanation: gRNA directs Cas9 to complementary genomic DNA, creating precise cuts.
Q14. “Herbicide-tolerant” GM crops primarily help
a) Increase seed number directly
b) Facilitate weed management
c) Improve fruit taste
d) Reduce transpiration
Answer: b) Facilitate weed management
Explanation: Tolerance allows selective herbicide application without harming the crop.
Q15. Which is an industrial application of recombinant enzymes?
a) Cellulase in textile/juice clarification
b) DNA ligase in bread
c) RNA pol II for vaccines
d) Trypsin in PCR
Answer: a) Cellulase in textile/juice clarification
Explanation: Recombinant cellulases clarify juices and aid bio-stone washing of denim.
Q16. The A and B chains of recombinant insulin are produced in
a) One plasmid only
b) Separate expression constructs and later combined
c) Plant chloroplast alone
d) Yeast peroxisomes only
Answer: b) Separate expression constructs and later combined
Explanation: Early r-insulin was expressed as two chains in E. coli, then purified and refolded.
Q17. Which Indian regulatory body approves large-scale field trials of GM crops?
a) ICAR alone
b) GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee)
c) WHO
d) FAO
Answer: b) GEAC
Explanation: GEAC under MoEFCC oversees environmental release/field trials of GMOs in India.
Q18. “Cry1Ac” gene provides resistance to
a) Stem borers only
b) Cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera)
c) Bacterial blight
d) Nematode root-knot
Answer: b) Cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera)
Explanation: Cry proteins are specific; Cry1Ac targets lepidopteran larvae like Helicoverpa.
Q19. Which method helps prevent resistance development to Bt toxin in pests?
a) Continuous high expression only
b) Refuge strategy (non-Bt rows)
c) High pesticide sprays
d) Seed priming
Answer: b) Refuge strategy (non-Bt rows)
Explanation: Maintaining susceptible insect populations delays resistance evolution.
Q20. Gene therapy for ADA deficiency initially used
a) Germline editing
b) Retroviral vectors in T-lymphocytes
c) Plasmid injection into muscle
d) Bacterial conjugation
Answer: b) Retroviral vectors in T-lymphocytes
Explanation: Somatic gene therapy introduced functional ADA into patient’s T-cells.
Q21. Which of the following is a bioplastic produced by bacteria?
a) PET
b) PHA/PHB
c) PVC
d) Nylon
Answer: b) PHA/PHB
Explanation: Polyhydroxyalkanoates like PHB are biodegradable polyesters made by microbes.
Q22. Transgenic salmon (AquAdvantage) show faster growth due to
a) Extra mitochondria
b) Growth hormone gene with strong promoter
c) More myoglobin
d) Larger fins
Answer: b)
Explanation: GH gene + promoter increases growth rate under aquaculture conditions.
Q23. “Terminator technology” (GURT) is controversial because it
a) Produces sterile seeds
b) Reduces pesticide use
c) Increases photosynthesis
d) Fixes nitrogen
Answer: a) Produces sterile seeds
Explanation: Prevents farmers from re-sowing, raising ethical/economic concerns.
Q24. Which pair is correctly matched?
a) ELISA — detects proteins/antibodies via antigen–antibody interactions
b) Southern blot — RNA detection
c) Northern blot — DNA detection
d) Western blot — carbohydrates
Answer: a)
Explanation: ELISA quantifies antigens/antibodies; Southern = DNA, Northern = RNA, Western = proteins.
Q25. A major environmental application of biotechnology is
a) Only food coloring
b) Bioremediation of pollutants
c) Paper printing
d) Oil extraction by drilling
Answer: b) Bioremediation of pollutants
Explanation: Engineered/selected microbes degrade oil, dyes, pesticides, and heavy-metal complexes.
🟢 Part 2: Biotechnology and Its Applications (Q26–Q50)
Q26. Which genetically engineered tomato delayed fruit softening?
a) Golden Rice
b) Flavr Savr tomato
c) Bt tomato
d) Hybrid tomato
Answer: b) Flavr Savr tomato
Explanation: Developed using antisense RNA to suppress polygalacturonase, delaying ripening.
Q27. Which of the following is an edible vaccine candidate?
a) Banana
b) Potato
c) Tomato
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Recombinant antigens expressed in edible plants are explored for vaccines.
Q28. Transgenic sheep “Rosie” was engineered to produce
a) Human growth hormone
b) Human protein α-1 antitrypsin
c) Interferon
d) Antibodies
Answer: b) Human protein α-1 antitrypsin
Explanation: Used to treat emphysema patients.
Q29. Which of the following is an application of bioinformatics?
a) Gene sequencing and annotation
b) Designing drugs and vaccines
c) Predicting protein structure
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Bioinformatics integrates biology, computer science, and mathematics.
Q30. Cry2Ab gene controls pests of
a) Lepidoptera
b) Diptera
c) Coleoptera
d) Nematodes
Answer: a) Lepidoptera
Explanation: Cry2Ab is effective against lepidopteran insects (e.g., bollworm).
Q31. Which bacteria naturally carries Ti plasmid used for plant genetic engineering?
a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
b) Rhizobium
c) E. coli
d) Pseudomonas putida
Answer: a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Explanation: Ti plasmid transfers T-DNA into plant cells.
Q32. Biopharming means
a) Biogas production
b) Using transgenic organisms to produce pharmaceuticals
c) Increasing farm productivity
d) Vermicomposting
Answer: b) Using transgenic organisms to produce pharmaceuticals
Explanation: Eg. antithrombin from transgenic goats.
Q33. Antisense RNA technology helps by
a) Blocking translation of mRNA
b) Enhancing protein synthesis
c) Producing more RNA
d) Altering DNA replication
Answer: a) Blocking translation of mRNA
Explanation: Antisense RNA binds complementary mRNA, preventing its translation.
Q34. Recombinant human insulin was first marketed as
a) Humulin
b) Novolin
c) Glargine
d) Lantus
Answer: a) Humulin
Explanation: Humulin was the first recombinant insulin, produced in E. coli.
Q35. Which is an example of biopesticide?
a) Bt toxin
b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)
c) Trichoderma
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: All are eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.
Q36. Which is NOT a genetically modified crop?
a) Bt cotton
b) Golden Rice
c) Hybrid maize
d) Flavr Savr tomato
Answer: c) Hybrid maize
Explanation: Hybridization is a breeding method, not genetic modification.
Q37. The purpose of producing transgenic animals includes
a) Study of gene function
b) Production of therapeutic proteins
c) Vaccine safety testing
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Transgenics are powerful models for research and therapy.
Q38. Antisense gene technology was first applied in
a) Flavr Savr tomato
b) Golden Rice
c) Bt cotton
d) Insulin production
Answer: a) Flavr Savr tomato
Explanation: Polygalacturonase gene silenced using antisense RNA.
Q39. Which diagnostic technique uses enzyme-linked antibodies?
a) PCR
b) ELISA
c) Blotting
d) Electrophoresis
Answer: b) ELISA
Explanation: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay detects antigens/antibodies in samples.
Q40. Which Cry gene protects plants from coleopteran pests (beetles)?
a) Cry1Ab
b) Cry1Ac
c) Cry3Bb1
d) Cry2Ab
Answer: c) Cry3Bb1
Explanation: Cry3 genes target coleopteran larvae.
Q41. Which of the following is an example of gene therapy?
a) ADA deficiency treatment
b) Golden Rice
c) Flavr Savr tomato
d) Bt cotton
Answer: a) ADA deficiency treatment
Explanation: Involves inserting functional ADA gene into patient T-cells.
Q42. Biopiracy refers to
a) Theft of genetic resources without permission
b) Use of biopesticides
c) Excessive fishing
d) Illegal trade of animals
Answer: a) Theft of genetic resources without permission
Explanation: Exploitation of indigenous resources without benefit-sharing.
Q43. Which crop has been engineered for iron biofortification?
a) Maize
b) Rice
c) Wheat
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Biofortification targets iron and zinc deficiencies in staple crops.
Q44. DNA fingerprinting is based on
a) PCR and gel electrophoresis
b) Tandem repeat polymorphisms (VNTRs/STRs)
c) Mitochondrial DNA
d) Antibiotic resistance
Answer: b) Tandem repeat polymorphisms (VNTRs/STRs)
Explanation: VNTRs/STRs vary between individuals, making unique DNA profiles.
Q45. Which type of vaccine uses live but weakened pathogens?
a) Inactivated
b) Attenuated
c) Subunit
d) DNA vaccine
Answer: b) Attenuated
Explanation: Attenuated vaccines stimulate strong, lasting immunity.
Q46. GM crops with delayed ripening were made by suppressing
a) Cellulase
b) Polygalacturonase
c) Amylase
d) Nitrate reductase
Answer: b) Polygalacturonase
Explanation: Enzyme degrades pectin in cell wall; suppression delays softening.
Q47. In forensic analysis, DNA fingerprinting helps in
a) Determining parentage
b) Criminal identification
c) Disaster victim identification
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: DNA profiling is widely used in legal and forensic science.
Q48. Which genetically engineered fish grows faster?
a) Tilapia
b) Salmon (AquAdvantage)
c) Goldfish
d) Trout
Answer: b) Salmon (AquAdvantage)
Explanation: Transgenic salmon express extra growth hormone.
Q49. Which enzyme is commonly used in biosensors for glucose monitoring?
a) Urease
b) Glucose oxidase
c) DNA polymerase
d) Lipase
Answer: b) Glucose oxidase
Explanation: Glucose oxidase catalyzes glucose → gluconic acid, detected by electrode.
Q50. Which body in India regulates release of GMOs into the environment?
a) ICAR
b) GEAC
c) CSIR
d) ICMR
Answer: b) GEAC
Explanation: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee regulates GMOs in India.
🟢 Part 3: Biotechnology and Its Applications (Q51–Q75)
Q51. Transgenic animals are commonly produced by
a) Nuclear transfer techniques
b) Selective breeding
c) Embryo splitting only
d) Tissue culture
Answer: a) Nuclear transfer techniques
Explanation: Involves transfer of a donor nucleus into an enucleated egg to produce clones/transgenics.
Q52. The major advantage of transgenic goats is that they
a) Produce more milk only
b) Produce therapeutic proteins in milk
c) Resist infections better
d) Have longer lifespan
Answer: b) Produce therapeutic proteins in milk
Explanation: Example: Antithrombin protein produced in goat’s milk for medical use.
Q53. DNA fingerprinting in India was pioneered by
a) M.S. Swaminathan
b) Lalji Singh
c) Kary Mullis
d) Har Gobind Khorana
Answer: b) Lalji Singh
Explanation: Known as the “Father of DNA Fingerprinting in India.”
Q54. In Bt crops, Cry proteins act by
a) Blocking photosynthesis
b) Creating pores in insect midgut cells
c) Killing nematodes directly
d) Reducing transpiration
Answer: b) Creating pores in insect midgut cells
Explanation: Cry toxins bind gut epithelium, causing cell lysis and insect death.
Q55. Which is NOT a therapeutic application of biotechnology?
a) Recombinant insulin
b) Monoclonal antibodies
c) Golden Rice
d) Gene therapy
Answer: c) Golden Rice
Explanation: Golden Rice is for nutritional improvement, not a therapeutic drug.
Q56. First gene therapy was done to treat
a) Hemophilia
b) ADA (Adenosine deaminase deficiency)
c) Sickle-cell anemia
d) Thalassemia
Answer: b) ADA (Adenosine deaminase deficiency)
Explanation: First successful gene therapy was carried out in 1990.
Q57. Which of the following is NOT a product of recombinant DNA technology?
a) Insulin
b) Interferons
c) Steroids
d) Human growth hormone
Answer: c) Steroids
Explanation: Steroids are chemically synthesized, not recombinant proteins.
Q58. GM crops are cultivated in India mainly for
a) Rice
b) Cotton
c) Wheat
d) Mustard
Answer: b) Cotton
Explanation: Bt cotton is the only commercially approved GM crop in India.
Q59. ELISA test is based on
a) DNA replication
b) Antigen–antibody interaction
c) RNA transcription
d) Enzyme digestion
Answer: b) Antigen–antibody interaction
Explanation: Detects and quantifies proteins, antibodies, or hormones.
Q60. A protease inhibitor gene from beans has been introduced into which crop?
a) Tobacco
b) Cotton
c) Rice
d) Maize
Answer: a) Tobacco
Explanation: Provides resistance against nematodes by interfering with digestive enzymes.
Q61. “Molecular farming” refers to
a) Farming with fertilizers
b) Using transgenic plants/animals for pharmaceuticals
c) Aquaculture only
d) Organic agriculture
Answer: b)
Explanation: Transgenic systems produce vaccines, hormones, and enzymes.
Q62. Biopesticides are preferred over chemical pesticides because they
a) Are biodegradable
b) Are species-specific
c) Do not pollute environment
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: They are eco-friendly, safe, and effective against target pests.
Q63. “Rosie,” the first transgenic cow, produced milk enriched with
a) Vitamin C
b) Vitamin A
c) Human α-lactalbumin
d) Iron
Answer: c) Human α-lactalbumin
Explanation: Increased milk nutrition, especially protein content.
Q64. The edible vaccine against hepatitis B was developed in
a) Potato
b) Yeast
c) Banana
d) Rice
Answer: a) Potato
Explanation: Recombinant potatoes expressed viral antigens for hepatitis B protection.
Q65. “Knockout mice” are important because they
a) Overexpress growth hormone
b) Lack specific genes for study
c) Produce antibodies
d) Are resistant to Bt toxin
Answer: b) Lack specific genes for study
Explanation: Used to study gene function and human disease models.
Q66. Bioreactors are used for
a) Growing plants in soil
b) Large-scale production of proteins/enzymes
c) Sequencing DNA
d) Gene editing
Answer: b) Large-scale production of proteins/enzymes
Explanation: Bioreactors provide controlled environments for microbial/animal cell culture.
Q67. “Gene therapy” aims to
a) Introduce healthy genes to cure diseases
b) Block photosynthesis
c) Create more mutations
d) Remove proteins
Answer: a) Introduce healthy genes to cure diseases
Explanation: Functional gene replaces defective one to treat genetic disorders.
Q68. Which is a biofortified crop?
a) Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
b) Bt cotton
c) Flavr Savr tomato
d) Insulin-producing yeast
Answer: a) Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
Explanation: QPM is enriched with lysine and tryptophan.
Q69. A vector commonly used for producing transgenic plants is
a) Cosmid
b) Ti plasmid
c) λ phage
d) BAC
Answer: b) Ti plasmid
Explanation: Disarmed Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers T-DNA into plants.
Q70. Biopiracy by multinational companies mainly involves
a) Agricultural genetic resources
b) Traditional medicinal plants
c) Indigenous knowledge
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Patenting of indigenous biological resources without fair compensation.
Q71. Which is a non-patentable biotechnological product?
a) Natural plant variety
b) Recombinant insulin
c) Transgenic animals
d) Genetically engineered bacteria
Answer: a) Natural plant variety
Explanation: Naturally occurring organisms cannot be patented.
Q72. Which organization regulates the use of GMOs in India?
a) ICAR
b) GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee)
c) CSIR
d) ICMR
Answer: b) GEAC
Explanation: Oversees approval and release of GMOs and field trials.
Q73. DNA fingerprinting is based on
a) Repetitive DNA sequences (VNTRs/STRs)
b) rRNA
c) Coding DNA
d) Mitochondrial genome
Answer: a) Repetitive DNA sequences (VNTRs/STRs)
Explanation: Tandem repeats are highly variable, making DNA unique for individuals.
Q74. The first commercial transgenic food crop was
a) Golden Rice
b) Flavr Savr tomato
c) Bt cotton
d) Maize
Answer: b) Flavr Savr tomato
Explanation: Approved in 1994; delayed ripening property.
Q75. Which is a therapeutic protein produced by recombinant DNA technology?
a) Interferons
b) Monoclonal antibodies
c) Insulin
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: All are produced through recombinant DNA technology for medical use.
🟢 Part 4: Biotechnology and Its Applications (Q76–Q100)
Q76. A major risk associated with GM crops is
a) Transfer of toxin genes to non-target organisms
b) Increase in crop yield
c) Reduction of pesticide use
d) Higher nutritional value
Answer: a) Transfer of toxin genes to non-target organisms
Explanation: GM crops may affect non-target species and biodiversity.
Q77. The aim of RNA interference (RNAi) is
a) Destroying harmful DNA
b) Silencing specific mRNA
c) Increasing protein synthesis
d) Enhancing recombination
Answer: b) Silencing specific mRNA
Explanation: dsRNA triggers degradation of complementary mRNA, blocking gene expression.
Q78. The edible vaccine against diarrhea was first developed in
a) Maize
b) Potato
c) Banana
d) Tomato
Answer: b) Potato
Explanation: Engineered potatoes expressed antigens of E. coli and rotavirus.
Q79. The main advantage of biopesticides is that they
a) Are chemical-based
b) Are biodegradable and eco-friendly
c) Kill all organisms
d) Persist for long in soil
Answer: b) Are biodegradable and eco-friendly
Explanation: Biopesticides act specifically, reducing environmental damage.
Q80. Recombinant vaccines include
a) Hepatitis B vaccine
b) Polio vaccine (oral)
c) Rabies vaccine (killed virus)
d) BCG vaccine
Answer: a) Hepatitis B vaccine
Explanation: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is made using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Q81. The major purpose of producing GM crops is
a) Herbicide tolerance
b) Insect resistance
c) Improved nutrition
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: GM crops are designed with multiple traits for better yield and quality.
Q82. Antisense RNA technology works by
a) Enhancing translation
b) Binding complementary mRNA and blocking translation
c) Producing more ribosomes
d) Amplifying DNA
Answer: b)
Explanation: Antisense RNA pairs with target mRNA, preventing its translation into protein.
Q83. The “Rosie” cow was genetically engineered to produce milk containing
a) Human insulin
b) Human α-lactalbumin
c) Vitamin A
d) Iron
Answer: b) Human α-lactalbumin
Explanation: This enhanced nutritional quality of milk for infants.
Q84. A commercial product of recombinant DNA technology is
a) Humulin
b) Bt cotton
c) Flavr Savr tomato
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: All are outcomes of rDNA: insulin (medicine), Bt cotton (agriculture), tomato (food).
Q85. Which is a gene therapy vector?
a) Adenovirus
b) Retrovirus
c) Lentivirus
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Viral vectors deliver therapeutic genes into patient cells.
Q86. A transgenic plant resistant to insects due to protease inhibitor gene is
a) Cotton
b) Tobacco
c) Rice
d) Mustard
Answer: b) Tobacco
Explanation: Inhibits nematode digestive enzymes, reducing infection.
Q87. Recombinant human growth hormone is produced to treat
a) Diabetes
b) Dwarfism
c) Hemophilia
d) AIDS
Answer: b) Dwarfism
Explanation: Growth hormone deficiency leads to dwarfism, corrected by recombinant HGH.
Q88. Which biotechnology method helps in environmental cleanup?
a) Bioremediation
b) RNA interference
c) Gene therapy
d) Recombinant insulin
Answer: a) Bioremediation
Explanation: Microbes degrade pollutants like oil, pesticides, and heavy metals.
Q89. Which crop has been genetically modified for pest resistance?
a) Cotton
b) Rice
c) Maize
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Bt genes have been introduced in cotton, maize, and rice for insect resistance.
Q90. Monoclonal antibodies are widely used in
a) Cancer diagnosis and therapy
b) Food preservation
c) Photosynthesis studies
d) Silk production
Answer: a) Cancer diagnosis and therapy
Explanation: Monoclonal antibodies detect/neutralize cancer cells with specificity.
Q91. Gene therapy is best described as
a) Nutrient supplementation
b) Replacing defective genes with functional ones
c) Tissue culture in labs
d) Protein purification
Answer: b)
Explanation: Gene therapy introduces functional genes to correct genetic disorders.
Q92. “GURT” or terminator technology makes plants
a) More fertile
b) Produce sterile seeds
c) Fix nitrogen
d) Drought resistant
Answer: b) Produce sterile seeds
Explanation: Genetic Use Restriction Technology prevents seed re-sowing.
Q93. Which of the following is a molecular diagnostic technique?
a) PCR
b) ELISA
c) DNA fingerprinting
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: All are molecular techniques used for diagnosis and identity.
Q94. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is enriched with
a) Lysine and tryptophan
b) Vitamin A
c) Iron
d) Zinc
Answer: a) Lysine and tryptophan
Explanation: Biofortified maize rich in essential amino acids.
Q95. The enzyme used in glucose biosensors is
a) Amylase
b) Glucose oxidase
c) Urease
d) Catalase
Answer: b) Glucose oxidase
Explanation: Converts glucose to gluconic acid; signal detected electrochemically.
Q96. The first gene therapy trial was conducted in the year
a) 1953
b) 1973
c) 1990
d) 2000
Answer: c) 1990
Explanation: ADA deficiency gene therapy was successfully done in 1990.
Q97. Which GM crop is enriched with β-carotene?
a) Golden Rice
b) QPM
c) Bt cotton
d) Hybrid maize
Answer: a) Golden Rice
Explanation: Endosperm engineered to produce pro-vitamin A (β-carotene).
Q98. Biosafety concerns of GMOs include
a) Impact on biodiversity
b) Allergic reactions in humans
c) Gene transfer to wild species
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: GMOs must be carefully assessed for ecological and health risks.
Q99. Which is an example of a therapeutic protein from biotechnology?
a) Interferons
b) Insulin
c) Blood clotting factors
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
Explanation: Biotechnology produces many therapeutic proteins for human use.
Q100. The first FDA-approved GM food crop was
a) Flavr Savr tomato
b) Golden Rice
c) Bt cotton
d) QPM
Answer: a) Flavr Savr tomato
Explanation: Approved in 1994, engineered for delayed ripening.
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