Science is a method — it involves asking questions, observing, testing ideas and using evidence. It's not just memorising facts or only lab experiments.

Observation is usually the first step — noticing something interesting leads to questions and investigations.

A hypothesis is a simple, testable prediction or explanation made before testing — not a proven fact.

Recording gives evidence for conclusions and helps others verify or repeat the experiment.

Curiosity means asking questions about the world — such questions lead to scientific investigations.

Guessing without testing is not scientific. Science tests guesses (hypotheses) through observation and experiments.

Repeating verifies consistency — reliable results increase confidence in conclusions.

Good scientific questions are about natural phenomena and can be investigated using observation and explanation.

Qualitative observations describe qualities (colour, smell, texture). "Turned red" is qualitative; numbers are quantitative.

A ruler measures length; other tools measure temperature, time, and mass respectively.

A fair test keeps all other conditions the same and changes only one factor to see its effect.

Tables with headings make data easy to read, compare and analyse — best practice for recording.

Quantitative observations include measurable numbers like temperature, mass or length.

Unexpected results are still valid data — recording and investigating them can lead to new discoveries or reveal errors.

Eating during experiments can be unsafe and contaminate results — avoid food in practical areas.

A control is kept unchanged to compare with the part where we change a factor; it helps determine the effect of that factor.

Materials are classified using properties such as conductivity, flexibility, hardness and appearance — both physical and chemical traits.

Sponges absorb water; glass, plastic and metal do not absorb but may hold water on the surface.

Flexibility means ability to bend or stretch without breaking — a rubber band stretches, showing flexibility.

Transparent materials allow light to pass through; glass is commonly transparent.

Classification organises knowledge so we can study patterns and choose materials for particular uses.

Magnets attract magnetic materials like iron and some steels — not all materials; this basic idea prepares students for later chapters.

Good cooking pots conduct heat well for even cooking; heat conductivity is important for cookware.

Raincoats need to repel water — waterproof plastic or treated fabrics keep the wearer dry.

Growth is a biological change; it is a natural change that happens over time and is studied in science.

Evaporation turns liquid water into water vapour, causing wet clothes to dry when water evaporates into the air.

Melting is a physical change — the state changes from solid to liquid but the substance (water) remains the same.

Higher temperature increases molecular motion, causing sugar to dissolve faster in hot water.

Melting ice is reversible — water can freeze back to ice. Burning, cooking, and rusting are not easily reversible.

Smartphones are examples of technology built on scientific advances (electricity, communication, materials science) that improve daily life.

Mass is measured in kilograms (kg); metre measures length, second measures time, ampere measures electric current.

Stopwatch measures time intervals; balance measures mass, thermometer measures temperature, ruler measures length.

Standard units let everyone measure the same way so results are comparable across time and place.

Microscopes magnify tiny objects; telescopes are for distant objects like stars.

Align one end with the zero mark to get accurate measurement; estimating or using fingers is imprecise.

Metre (m) is the SI unit of length. Litre measures volume, gram measures mass, Celsius is a temperature scale.

Electric bulbs and many electrical devices are based on principles of electricity discovered through scientific study.

Agricultural science improves crop yields and storage methods, helping prevent shortage and spoilage.

Early science education builds curiosity, observation and problem-solving skills which form the foundation for higher studies.

Scientific thinking involves curiosity, questioning, experimenting and using evidence — habits that students should cultivate.