MCQs along with answers on “The Role of Environmental Laws in Protecting India’s Ecology” 

1. Which of the following is the primary objective of India’s Environmental Protection Act, 1986?

a) Conservation of biodiversity
b) Control of air pollution
c) Protection of the environment
d) Regulation of industries

Answer: c) Protection of the environment

2. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under which act?

a) Environment Protection Act, 1986
b) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
c) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
d) Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Answer: c) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

3. The Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in which year?

a) 1972
b) 1986
c) 1991
d) 2000

Answer: a) 1972

4. The Forest Conservation Act was passed in which year?

a) 1980
b) 1986
c) 1991
d) 1996

Answer: a) 1980

5. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification in India was introduced in which year?

a) 1994
b) 1997
c) 2000
d) 2006

Answer: b) 1997

6. Which of the following acts regulates the control of water pollution in India?

a) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
c) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
d) The Hazardous Waste Management Act, 1989

Answer: b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

7. The ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ was adopted in India under which act?

a) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
b) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
c) Environmental Protection Act, 1986
d) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Answer: c) Environmental Protection Act, 1986

8. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, which aims to protect coastal ecosystems, was issued in which year?

a) 1991
b) 1994
c) 2000
d) 2002

Answer: b) 1994

9. Which of the following is NOT a major function of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)?

a) Environmental dispute resolution
b) Issuing environmental orders
c) Promoting environmental education
d) Providing remedies for pollution-related offenses

Answer: c) Promoting environmental education

10. What is the main objective of the Forest Rights Act, 2006?

a) To prevent deforestation
b) To recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities
c) To encourage afforestation
d) To regulate industrial activity in forest areas

Answer: b) To recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities

11. The National Biodiversity Act was enacted in which year?

a) 1992
b) 2002
c) 2006
d) 2010

Answer: b) 2002

12. Which of the following is an important principle of environmental justice in Indian law?

a) Right to clean air
b) Public participation in decision-making
c) Economic development over ecology
d) Compensating industries for environmental compliance

Answer: b) Public participation in decision-making

13. The Protection of the Environment is mentioned as a fundamental duty in which part of the Indian Constitution?

a) Directive Principles of State Policy
b) Fundamental Rights
c) Fundamental Duties
d) Preamble

Answer: c) Fundamental Duties

14. Which of the following is a part of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981?

a) Establishment of pollution control boards
b) Compensation for affected citizens
c) Control of deforestation
d) Regulation of wildlife trade

Answer: a) Establishment of pollution control boards

15. Which of the following agencies is responsible for enforcing environmental laws and regulations in India?

a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
b) Indian Forest Service
c) Central Pollution Control Board
d) National Biodiversity Authority

Answer: c) Central Pollution Control Board

16. Which of the following principles is NOT explicitly recognized in India’s environmental law?

a) Polluter Pays Principle
b) Precautionary Principle
c) Sustainable Development Principle
d) Property Rights Principle

Answer: d) Property Rights Principle

17. The ‘Precautionary Principle’ in environmental law emphasizes:

a) Taking preventive measures even when full scientific knowledge is not available
b) Ignoring potential risks for economic benefits
c) Post facto regulation of environmental damage
d) Limiting compensation to victims

Answer: a) Taking preventive measures even when full scientific knowledge is not available

18. Which of the following is responsible for monitoring the implementation of environmental laws in India?

a) Supreme Court of India
b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
c) Central Pollution Control Board
d) National Green Tribunal

Answer: b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

19. The Environment Protection Act, 1986, empowers the government to take measures for:

a) Conservation of wildlife
b) Regulation of water resources
c) Regulation of hazardous waste
d) Development of national parks

Answer: c) Regulation of hazardous waste

20. The term “environmental degradation” refers to:

a) Sustainable land management practices
b) The process of environmental restoration
c) The decline in environmental quality
d) The increase in biodiversity

Answer: c) The decline in environmental quality

21. The National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is part of which global agreement?

a) Paris Agreement
b) Kyoto Protocol
c) Convention on Biological Diversity
d) Convention on Climate Change

Answer: b) Kyoto Protocol

22. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, was passed with the objective of:

a) Regulating forest-based industries
b) Reducing deforestation and conserving forest land
c) Expanding national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
d) Increasing forest-based economic activities

Answer: b) Reducing deforestation and conserving forest land

23. The primary goal of the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) is to:

a) Promote industrial development
b) Fund research on climate change
c) Assist vulnerable sectors in adapting to climate change
d) Monitor global temperature changes

Answer: c) Assist vulnerable sectors in adapting to climate change

24. The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process to evaluate the environmental consequences of:

a) Industrial projects
b) Forest management programs
c) Biodiversity conservation efforts
d) International trade agreements

Answer: a) Industrial projects

25. The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) in India is responsible for:

a) Promoting wildlife tourism
b) Regulating wildlife trade
c) Monitoring the health of national parks
d) Developing new wildlife sanctuaries

Answer: b) Regulating wildlife trade

26. India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in which year?

a) 2005
b) 2007
c) 2009
d) 2011

Answer: b) 2008

27. The main objective of the Biodiversity Act of 2002 is:

a) To increase the forest cover in India
b) To regulate the use of biodiversity and conserve biological resources
c) To ensure that industrial waste is disposed of responsibly
d) To promote eco-tourism

Answer: b) To regulate the use of biodiversity and conserve biological resources

28. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is responsible for:

a) Managing water resources
b) Protecting forests and wildlife
c) Managing the country’s energy supply
d) Administering foreign policy

Answer: b) Protecting forests and wildlife

29. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, address:

a) Industrial noise pollution only
b) Domestic waste management
c) Control of vehicular emissions
d) Control of noise pollution from various sources

Answer: d) Control of noise pollution from various sources

30. The primary goal of the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) is:

a) Cleaning and rejuvenating rivers
b) Reducing industrial pollution
c) Building more reservoirs
d) Managing groundwater resources

Answer: a) Cleaning and rejuvenating rivers