The Unsung Heroines: The Role of Women in Assam’s History

Introduction

The history of Assam, a culturally rich and geographically diverse region in northeastern India, is a tapestry woven with tales of bravery, resilience, and cultural richness. While the region is often recognized for its strategic importance, tea plantations, and unique cultural heritage, the pivotal role played by women in shaping its history is less frequently acknowledged. Women in Assam have been central figures in various aspects of the state’s development—be it in politics, warfare, social reforms, or cultural preservation. This essay seeks to highlight the significant contributions of Assamese women throughout history, exploring their roles in ancient times, during the Ahom dynasty, in the Indian freedom struggle, and in the preservation of Assamese culture.

Ancient and Medieval Assam: Matriarchal Societies and Warrior Queens

In ancient Assam, women were held in high regard, a fact reflected in the matriarchal societies of various ethnic groups such as the Bodos, Dimasas, and others. These societies not only allowed women to play central roles in family and societal decision-making but also celebrated them as the bearers of tradition and culture.

One of the most prominent figures in early Assamese history is Queen Sati Joymati, whose story is a testament to the courage and loyalty of Assamese women. During the 17th century, amidst the political turmoil of the Ahom dynasty, Joymati sacrificed her life to protect her husband, Prince Gadapani, who was in hiding to escape the wrath of the usurper Sulikphaa (Loraa Roja). Despite being tortured, Joymati refused to reveal her husband’s whereabouts, demonstrating immense bravery and loyalty. Her martyrdom not only ensured Gadapani’s survival but also paved the way for his eventual ascent to the throne, where he ruled as King Gadadhar Singha. Joymati’s legacy is so deeply ingrained in Assamese culture that she is remembered as a symbol of sacrifice and strength.

Another formidable woman in Assam’s history was Queen Phuleswari, the first female ruler of the Ahom dynasty. In the early 18th century, Phuleswari took over the administration of the kingdom after the death of her husband, King Rudra Singha. Although her reign was brief, Phuleswari’s influence was significant. She was known for her administrative acumen and religious zeal, as she sought to unify the diverse religious communities within her kingdom by promoting Vaishnavism. Her efforts in maintaining the stability of the kingdom during a turbulent period are a testament to the leadership roles that women in Assam have historically undertaken.

Women in the Ahom Dynasty: From Advisors to Warriors

The Ahom dynasty, which ruled Assam for nearly 600 years, witnessed the active participation of women not only as queens but also as advisors, warriors, and strategists. The role of women in the Ahom court was not limited to the domestic sphere; they were often involved in matters of statecraft and diplomacy.

For instance, Queen Ambika, the wife of King Rudra Singha, was known for her wisdom and political insight. She played a crucial role in advising her son, King Siva Singha, during his reign. Women in the Ahom dynasty were also known to take up arms when necessary. During the reign of King Pratap Singha, for instance, his queen consort, Mangala Devi, was reputed to have led a contingent of troops against invading forces. Such instances illustrate the multifaceted roles played by women in the dynasty, where they were not only custodians of culture and tradition but also protectors of the kingdom.

The Indian Freedom Struggle: Assamese Women on the Frontlines

The role of Assamese women in India’s freedom struggle is an inspiring chapter in the region’s history. Women from Assam actively participated in the non-cooperation movement, civil disobedience movement, and Quit India movement, often at great personal risk. Their contributions were not just limited to supporting roles; many of them were leaders in their own right.

Kanaklata Barua, popularly known as Birbala, is one of the most celebrated martyrs of Assam. At the tender age of 17, Kanaklata led a procession of freedom fighters in Gohpur, holding the Indian National Congress flag, with the intention of hoisting it at the local police station. Despite knowing the risks involved, she marched forward with unwavering determination. The police opened fire on the procession, and Kanaklata was shot dead. Her sacrifice became a symbol of youth’s courage and determination in the fight for India’s independence.

Another notable figure is Pushpalata Das, who was a prominent leader in the Quit India Movement in Assam. She played a crucial role in organizing protests, spreading the message of resistance, and mobilizing the masses. Despite facing imprisonment and torture, Pushpalata remained committed to the cause of freedom. After independence, she continued to serve the nation as a social worker and a politician, advocating for women’s rights and social justice.

Post-Independence Assam: Women as Custodians of Culture and Social Change

In post-independence Assam, women have continued to play a crucial role in the preservation and promotion of Assamese culture, as well as in social and political reforms. The contributions of Assamese women in literature, art, and education have been instrumental in shaping the cultural identity of the state.

Indira Goswami, also known as Mamoni Raisom Goswami, is one of the most prominent literary figures in Assam and India. Her novels and short stories, often centered on the lives of marginalized women, brought to light the social issues and challenges faced by women in Assam. Her works have been translated into several languages and have won numerous awards, including the prestigious Jnanpith Award. Through her writings, Goswami not only preserved the essence of Assamese culture but also highlighted the need for social change and gender equality.

In the field of social reform, women like Hema Bharali and Chandraprabha Saikiani have made significant contributions. Hema Bharali, an activist and Gandhian, dedicated her life to social work, particularly in the areas of women’s empowerment and rural development. Chandraprabha Saikiani was a pioneering feminist and social reformer who worked tirelessly for the upliftment of women in Assam, particularly in the areas of education and healthcare. She was instrumental in the establishment of the All Assam Pradeshik Mahila Samiti, which played a key role in advocating for women’s rights in the state.

Women in Modern Assam: Leaders and Innovators

In contemporary Assam, women continue to break barriers and emerge as leaders and innovators in various fields. From politics and business to arts and sports, Assamese women have made their mark on the national and international stage.

In politics, women like Bijoya Chakravarty and Queen Ojha have served as members of Parliament, representing Assam at the national level. Their contributions to policy-making and governance have been significant in shaping the state’s development agenda.

In the business world, women entrepreneurs from Assam are making strides in diverse sectors, including handicrafts, textiles, and technology. They are not only contributing to the state’s economy but also creating opportunities for other women, thereby fostering a culture of entrepreneurship and self-reliance.

In sports, Assamese women like Hima Das, the sprint queen of India, have brought laurels to the state. Hima Das, also known as the “Dhing Express,” became the first Indian woman to win a gold medal at the IAAF World U20 Championships. Her achievements have inspired countless young girls in Assam and across India to pursue sports as a career.

Conclusion

The role of women in Assam’s history is a rich and multifaceted one, spanning centuries and encompassing a wide range of contributions in various fields. From ancient times to the modern era, Assamese women have been warriors, leaders, reformers, and cultural custodians. Their contributions, often overlooked in mainstream historical narratives, are integral to understanding the social, cultural, and political evolution of Assam.

As Assam continues to progress in the 21st century, the legacy of its women—past and present—serves as a reminder of the strength, resilience, and indomitable spirit that have shaped the region’s history. It is imperative that these stories are remembered and celebrated, not just as a tribute to the women who made history, but also as an inspiration for future generations of Assamese women to continue breaking barriers and shaping the future of the state.