Q1. What type of mountain range is the Himalayas?

A young fold mountain range.

Q2. Which major rivers originate from the Himalayas?

The Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra (and their tributaries).

Q3. What are glaciers?

Large masses of ice that move slowly over land.

Q4. Name the cold desert region north of the Himalayas.

Ladakh (Trans-Himalayan region).

Q5. Give one climatic feature of Ladakh.

Extremely cold winters and low precipitation.

Q6. How do the Himalayas affect climate?

They act as a barrier to cold winds and influence rainfall patterns.

Q7. What is orography?

The study of the physical features of mountains and hills.

Q8. Name one economic activity in Himalayan regions.

Tourism (e.g., trekking), horticulture or pastoralism.

Q9. What type of soil is found in the Gangetic Plains?

Alluvial soil.

Q10. Why are the Gangetic Plains fertile?

Because rivers deposit rich alluvium over the plains.

Q11. Name two major crops of the Gangetic Plains.

Rice and wheat.

Q12. What is a floodplain?

A low-lying area next to a river formed by deposition of sediments during floods.

Q13. How does river irrigation help agriculture?

Provides reliable water for crops, enabling multiple harvests.

Q14. Name one major city in the Gangetic Plain.

Examples: Patna, Kolkata, Kanpur, Varanasi (any one).

Q15. What is alluvium?

Soil or sediments deposited by rivers.

Q16. Mention one human activity supported by the plains.

Intensive agriculture and trade.

Q17. Where is the Thar Desert located?

North-western India, mainly in Rajasthan.

Q18. What is a key feature of desert climate?

Low rainfall and high temperature variations.

Q19. Name one livelihood found in the Thar Desert.

Pastoralism (rearing of animals) or tourism.

Q20. What are dunes?

Hills of sand formed by wind action.

Q21. What are the Aravalli Hills known for?

They are one of India’s oldest mountain ranges and have mineral resources.

Q22. How do Aravallis influence local climate?

They affect rainfall distribution and act as a barrier in western India.

Q23. Name a historical city near Aravallis.

Udaipur (example).

Q24. Give one conservation challenge in deserts.

Water scarcity and overgrazing leading to land degradation.

Q25. What is the Peninsular Plateau made of?

Old, hard crystalline rocks.

Q26. Name two plateaus in India.

Deccan Plateau and Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Q27. Why are minerals found in the plateau region?

Because of the ancient geological formation and rock types rich in minerals.

Q28. Which ghats run along the Peninsular Plateau?

Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

Q29. Name one crop grown on the plateau.

Millets, pulses, or cotton (any one).

Q30. What is the typical relief of plateaus?

Elevated flatlands with hills and valleys.

Q31. How do rivers behave on the plateau?

They form waterfalls and rapids as they cut through hard rocks.

Q32. Give one economic use of plateau minerals.

Used in industries (iron ore for steel, bauxite for aluminium).

Q33. Name the two major island groups of India.

Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep.

Q34. Which sea lies to the west of India?

The Arabian Sea.

Q35. Which sea lies to the east of India?

The Bay of Bengal.

Q36. What is a coral atoll?

A ring-shaped coral island surrounding a lagoon (found in Lakshadweep).

Q37. Give one livelihood associated with coasts.

Fishing or port-based trade.

Q38. Name a feature of the eastern coast.

Broad coastal plains and large river deltas.

Q39. What type of islands are the Andamans?

Volcanic and hilly islands with rainforests.

Q40. Why are ports important?

They facilitate trade, transport and economic exchange by sea.

Q41. Which rivers form the Sundarban Delta?

The Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems (their distributaries).

Q42. What kind of vegetation is found in Sundarbans?

Mangrove forests.

Q43. Name one animal found in the Sundarbans.

Royal Bengal Tiger.

Q44. How do mangroves protect coasts?

They act as a buffer against storms and prevent erosion.

Q45. How do mountains influence settlement patterns?

They limit large settlements; settlements are often in valleys and foothills.

Q46. Why do plains support dense populations?

Fertile soil and water make plains ideal for agriculture and cities.

Q47. Give one effect of rivers on trade.

Rivers provide transport routes and support trade and communication.

Q48. How does coastal geography support tourism?

Beaches, scenic coasts and islands attract tourists and boost local economies.

Q49. Why are deserts sparsely populated?

Due to water scarcity and harsh climate.

Q50. Mention one way humans modify landscapes for agriculture.

Irrigation (canals, tube wells) or terracing on slopes.