Explanation: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Alloys are mixtures of two or more elements (at least one metal) that give improved properties compared to pure metals.

Explanation: An ore is a naturally occurring rock that contains sufficient minerals of a metal to make extraction economically feasible, e.g., bauxite for aluminium.

Explanation: Gold is often found in its native metallic state due to its low reactivity, unlike iron and aluminium which are commonly found in ores.

Explanation: Ductility refers to the ability of a metal to be drawn into thin wires (e.g., copper). Malleability (A) is the ability to be hammered into sheets.

Explanation: Corrosion is the chemical reaction of metals with their environment (oxygen, water, acids) leading to deterioration, e.g., rusting of iron.

Explanation: Malleability, ductility and sonorous are properties of metals. Volatility refers to tendency to vaporise and is not typically a defining property of metals in this context.

Explanation: Alloys combine elements (often metals) to enhance strength, corrosion resistance or other properties, e.g., steel (iron + carbon).

Explanation: Rust is hydrated iron(III) oxide formed by the reaction of iron, oxygen and water; it weakens iron by forming flaky layers.

Explanation: Copper is highly conductive and ductile, making it ideal for wiring. Aluminium is also used but copper is more common for many applications due to higher conductivity and reliability.

Explanation: Lustre refers to the shiny surface of metals which reflects light; it is a characteristic physical property.

Explanation: Brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) is sonorous and used for musical instruments like trumpets and cymbals. Sodium and mercury are not sonorous; carbon is not a metal.

Explanation: Metals conduct heat well, enabling even heating—useful in cooking vessels where rapid and even heat transfer is needed.

Explanation: Aluminium has low density and good strength-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for aircraft structures and parts.

Explanation: Many metals are sonorous (produce ringing sound when struck), whereas non-metals are generally non-sonorous.

Explanation: Gold is very unreactive and does not tarnish easily, making it ideal for jewellery and ornamental use.

Explanation: Gold is highly malleable and can be beaten into extremely thin sheets (gold leaf). Malleability is a key metallic property.

Explanation: The sonorous property allows metals to produce clear tones when struck, making them suitable for bells and cymbals.

Explanation: Aluminium is non-toxic, lightweight and conducts heat well, making it commonly used for utensils. Copper can react with certain foods unless coated.

Explanation: Oxygen is a non‑metal and exists as a gas at room temperature, essential for respiration. Sulfur and phosphorus are solids; graphite is solid carbon.

Explanation: Graphite is a form of carbon used in pencil leads because it leaves marks on paper and is soft enough to be used for writing.

Explanation: Solid non‑metals are generally brittle and break when struck; they are poor conductors unlike metals.

Explanation: Oxygen is crucial for cellular respiration in most organisms as it helps release energy from food.

Explanation: Nitrogen is a key component of many fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea) as it is essential for plant growth and protein synthesis.

Explanation: Graphite has delocalised electrons within its layered structure, allowing it to conduct electricity, unlike diamond which is an insulator.

Explanation: Chlorine is used to disinfect water by killing bacteria and pathogens; it is a non‑metallic element used in water treatment.

Explanation: Magnesium reacts with oxygen on burning to form the white ash magnesium oxide (2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO).

Explanation: Alkali metals like sodium react vigorously with water producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas; copper and gold do not react with cold water.

Explanation: Zinc reacts with dilute HCl forming zinc chloride and liberating hydrogen gas (Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂).

Explanation: Copper is less reactive and does not displace hydrogen from dilute acids, so no reaction is observed under normal conditions.

Explanation: S + O₂ → SO₂; sulfur dioxide is formed on burning sulfur; it can further oxidise to SO₃ under certain conditions and form acids in water.

Explanation: Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide (metal oxide) which reacts with acids. CO₂ and SO₂ are acidic oxides.

Explanation: Hydrogen gas is indicated by bubbling and gives a 'pop' with a burning splint due to its combustible nature.

Explanation: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO shows a metal (magnesium) reacting with oxygen to form a metal oxide.

Explanation: Zinc reacts with dilute acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas; metals like gold, platinum and copper are less reactive and generally do not.

Explanation: Basic metal oxides react with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation). For example, Na₂O + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H₂O.

Explanation: Non‑metals typically form acidic oxides (e.g., sulfur → SO₂) which can form acids on dissolving in water.

Explanation: Sodium is an alkali metal and highly reactive, placed high in the reactivity series. Copper, silver and gold are less reactive and lie lower.

Explanation: Iron being more reactive displaces copper from solution: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu (solid copper deposits).

Explanation: Presence of water (moisture) and dissolved salts provides an electrolyte that accelerates electron flow and corrosion; dry air causes slower oxidation.

Explanation: Galvanisation coats iron with zinc; zinc corrodes preferentially (sacrificial protection) protecting iron even when coating is scratched.

Explanation: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon (and sometimes other elements) used for its strength and versatility in construction.

Explanation: Painting and oiling form physical barriers that prevent air and moisture contact, thus reducing corrosion; increasing humidity and salt exposure accelerate corrosion.

Explanation: Gold is noble and unreactive, resistant to corrosion and tarnish, hence widely used in jewellery.

Explanation: Zinc is more reactive and displaces hydrogen from acids forming a salt and hydrogen gas; copper, silver and gold do not under normal conditions.

Explanation: Brass is made of copper and zinc; it is malleable and used in musical instruments and fittings.

Explanation: Aluminium's low density combined with sufficient strength reduces overall weight and improves fuel efficiency, important for aircraft design.

Explanation: Silver has excellent conductivity and is relatively unreactive compared to many metals, used in jewellery and electrical contacts (though expensive).

Explanation: Recycling aluminium saves significant energy compared to extracting from bauxite, reduces mining and landfill waste, and lowers environmental impact.

Explanation: Chromium in stainless steel forms a thin protective oxide layer that prevents further corrosion (passivation).

Explanation: Copper combines excellent electrical conductivity with ductility and reliability, making it the preferred choice for many electrical wiring applications (though aluminium is used in some cases for cost/weight).