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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers on “Environmental Laws in India: Effectiveness and Challenges” for the Civil Services Examination
1. The primary legislation governing environmental protection in India is:
- a) The Indian Forest Act
- b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
- d) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Answer: c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)?
- a) Adjudicating on environmental disputes
- b) Providing environmental education
- c) Granting compensation for environmental damages
- d) Reviewing environmental impact assessments
Answer: b) Providing environmental education
3. The “Polluter Pays Principle” is embodied in which environmental law in India?
- a) The Air Act, 1981
- b) The Water Act, 1974
- c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
- d) The National Environmental Policy, 2006
Answer: c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
4. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, primarily addresses:
- a) Conservation of wildlife
- b) Regulation of forest land diversion for non-forest use
- c) Management of national parks
- d) Protection of coastal areas
Answer: b) Regulation of forest land diversion for non-forest use
5. Which act regulates the discharge of pollutants into water bodies?
- a) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- c) The Environment Protection Act
- d) The Wildlife Protection Act
Answer: b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
6. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, aims to:
- a) Regulate hunting and trading of wildlife
- b) Promote afforestation
- c) Control industrial pollution
- d) Manage coastal resources
Answer: a) Regulate hunting and trading of wildlife
7. Which of the following is a key feature of the National Environmental Policy, 2006?
- a) Focus on renewable energy sources
- b) Emphasis on sustainable development
- c) Regulation of air quality standards
- d) Establishment of national parks
Answer: b) Emphasis on sustainable development
8. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification was first issued under which act?
- a) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
- b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- c) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- d) The Forest Conservation Act
Answer: a) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
9. Which of the following acts deals with the control and regulation of hazardous waste?
- a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- c) The Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1989
- d) The Environment Protection Act
Answer: c) The Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1989
10. The National Biodiversity Act, 2002, aims to:
- a) Control land degradation
- b) Protect wildlife habitats
- c) Conserve biological diversity and regulate access to biological resources
- d) Manage water resources
Answer: c) Conserve biological diversity and regulate access to biological resources
11. The “Right to Clean Environment” is recognized under which Indian constitutional article?
- a) Article 21
- b) Article 19
- c) Article 48A
- d) Article 51A
Answer: a) Article 21
12. Which institution is responsible for setting air quality standards in India?
- a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
- b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
- c) National Green Tribunal (NGT)
- d) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
13. The Clean Air Act was introduced to:
- a) Manage hazardous waste
- b) Regulate air quality and control air pollution
- c) Protect coastal areas
- d) Control water pollution
Answer: b) Regulate air quality and control air pollution
14. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification regulates:
- a) Land use and construction along the coastal areas
- b) Fishing practices
- c) Industrial discharge into coastal waters
- d) Management of marine biodiversity
Answer: a) Land use and construction along the coastal areas
15. The concept of “Sustainable Development” is addressed in which environmental legislation?
- a) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- b) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
- c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
- d) The Forest Conservation Act
Answer: c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
16. Which of the following is a challenge in the implementation of environmental laws in India?
- a) Strict enforcement and compliance
- b) Adequate funding for enforcement agencies
- c) High level of public awareness
- d) Limited political will
Answer: d) Limited political will
17. The role of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) includes:
- a) Developing environmental policies
- b) Monitoring and controlling pollution
- c) Establishing wildlife sanctuaries
- d) Managing forest resources
Answer: b) Monitoring and controlling pollution
18. The Environment Protection Act, 1986, was enacted in response to:
- a) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy
- b) The Mumbai floods
- c) The Gujarat earthquake
- d) The Delhi smog
Answer: a) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy
19. The National Environmental Appellate Authority (NEAA) was established to:
- a) Handle environmental disputes and appeals
- b) Monitor air quality
- c) Control water pollution
- d) Regulate hazardous waste
Answer: a) Handle environmental disputes and appeals
20. The Forest Rights Act, 2006, recognizes:
- a) Rights of forest-dwelling communities over forest land and resources
- b) The establishment of wildlife sanctuaries
- c) Industrial development in forest areas
- d) National parks management
Answer: a) Rights of forest-dwelling communities over forest land and resources
21. The “Green Tribunal” is associated with which aspect of environmental governance?
- a) Environmental litigation and adjudication
- b) Policy formulation
- c) Public health
- d) Infrastructure development
Answer: a) Environmental litigation and adjudication
22. The “National Clean Air Programme” (NCAP) aims to:
- a) Reduce air pollution levels across the country
- b) Enhance water quality
- c) Improve waste management
- d) Control soil erosion
Answer: a) Reduce air pollution levels across the country
23. Which act regulates the management of electronic waste (e-waste) in India?
- a) The Environment Protection Act
- b) The Hazardous Waste Management Rules
- c) The E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
- d) The Water Act
Answer: c) The E-Waste Management Rules, 2016
24. The key objective of the “Swachh Bharat Mission” is to:
- a) Improve air quality
- b) Enhance sanitation and cleanliness
- c) Manage water resources
- d) Control noise pollution
Answer: b) Enhance sanitation and cleanliness
25. The “National Biodiversity Authority” (NBA) was established to:
- a) Regulate the use of biological resources and knowledge
- b) Manage forest reserves
- c) Control industrial emissions
- d) Monitor water quality
Answer: a) Regulate the use of biological resources and knowledge
26. The “Green India Mission” is part of which broader scheme?
- a) National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- b) National Environmental Policy
- c) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- d) National Biodiversity Action Plan
Answer: a) National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
27. Which of the following is a challenge in enforcing environmental regulations in India?
- a) Adequate legal frameworks
- b) High level of public compliance
- c) Limited resources for monitoring and enforcement
- d) Strong institutional support
Answer: c) Limited resources for monitoring and enforcement
28. The “Right to Information” (RTI) Act, 2005, has contributed to environmental governance by:
- a) Providing access to information on environmental policies and decisions
- b) Regulating industrial emissions
- c) Managing water resources
- d) Establishing wildlife sanctuaries
Answer: a) Providing access to information on environmental policies and decisions
29. The “National Action Plan on Climate Change” includes how many missions focusing on specific areas?
- a) 5
- b) 7
- c) 8
- d) 10
Answer: b) 8
30. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process involves:
- a) Analyzing the potential environmental effects of a proposed project
- b) Managing hazardous waste
- c) Regulating forest land diversion
- d) Controlling air quality standards
Answer: a) Analyzing the potential environmental effects of a proposed project
These questions should provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness and challenges associated with environmental laws in India.
