1. What was the Macaulay Minute (1835)?

A policy paper advocating English education and western curriculum in India.

2. What is Wood’s Dispatch (1854)?

A comprehensive plan recommending expansion of primary education, teacher training and universities.

3. Who were the Anglicists?

Those who supported teaching English and western knowledge in India.

4. Who were the Orientalists?

Those who advocated support for traditional Indian learning and languages.

5. What is 'grant-in-aid'?

Financial support provided by government to private or missionary schools.

6. Name one recommendation of Wood’s Dispatch.

Establishing teacher training institutions.

7. What did Macaulay emphasise in education?

Promotion of English language and western literature.

8. Which year saw the Macaulay Minute?

1835.

9. Which year is Wood’s Dispatch associated with?

1854.

10. Name one outcome influenced by Wood’s Dispatch.

Establishment of universities in 1857 (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras).

11. Who ran many early modern schools in India?

Christian missionaries.

12. Why were missionary schools controversial?

They were sometimes seen as tools for conversion and cultural influence.

13. Give one positive effect of missionary education.

Spread of basic literacy and girls’ education in some areas.

14. What did missionaries often teach besides religion?

Reading, writing, arithmetic and English.

15. How did missionary schools get support under British policy?

Through grant-in-aid provisions recommended by Wood’s Dispatch.

16. Who was Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

A social reformer who promoted modern education and campaigned against social evils like sati.

17. Name one educational contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

He supported introduction of modern subjects and English education.

18. Who was Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar?

A reformer who promoted vernacular education and women's rights, including widow remarriage.

19. Who were Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule?

Pioneers who promoted education for girls and lower-caste children in Maharashtra.

20. Name one female reformer involved in education.

Savitribai Phule.

21. Which three universities were established in 1857?

Calcutta, Bombay and Madras universities.

22. What role did private schools play?

They supplemented government schools, often receiving grant-in-aid.

23. What were traditional Indian learning centres called?

Pathshalas (for Sanskrit) and madrasas (for Persian/Islamic learning).

24. Why were teacher training institutions important?

They improved teaching quality and helped expand primary education.

25. Name one subject introduced in modern schools.

Science (basic physics/chemistry concepts).

26. What language did Macaulay favour for higher education?

English.

27. Which side wanted to support Sanskrit and Persian?

The Orientalists.

28. What is meant by 'vernacular education'?

Education in local languages spoken by people in their region.

29. Give one argument Anglicists used for English education.

English opened access to western science and modern administrative jobs.

30. Give one argument Orientalists used for supporting traditional learning.

They believed indigenous literature and knowledge systems should be preserved and funded.

31. Who helped pioneer girls' education in the 19th century?

Savitribai Phule and missionary women educators.

32. What social practice did reformers like Ram Mohan Roy challenge?

Sati (widow burning).

33. How did education help women?

It provided literacy, social awareness and pathways to social reform and employment.

34. Name one barrier to women's education in the 19th century.

Conservative social norms and early marriage.

35. Which reformer worked for widow remarriage and women’s education?

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

36. Name one positive impact of colonial education.

Creation of an educated middle class and spread of modern professions.

37. Name one negative impact.

Marginalisation of indigenous knowledge systems and unequal access.

38. How did education contribute to social reform?

Reformers used education to challenge social evils and promote new ideas.

39. How did education help in forming public opinion?

Schools, newspapers and colleges became sites for debate and political ideas.

40. Which social group benefited most initially from colonial education?

Urban middle-class elites.

41. Which year were the universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras established?

1857.

42. What did Wood's Dispatch call for about primary education?

Expansion of primary schools and teacher training.

43. Name one early Indian newspaper linked to reform ideas.

Sambad Kaumudi (linked to Raja Ram Mohan Roy) or others like it.

44. Who argued that English literature was superior to native literature?

Thomas Macaulay.

45. What is one tool to revise this chapter quickly?

Create a timeline of policies and reformers’ activities.

46. How should students answer a 2-mark question on Macaulay Minute?

Give 2 brief points: year (1835) and main idea (promotion of English education).

47. How to answer a 5-mark question on Wood’s Dispatch?

Intro (1 line), list 3 recommendations (primary education, teacher training, universities) and conclude its significance.

48. What to include in a map question from this chapter?

Mark centres of reform and institutions like Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Serampore and Pune.

49. Suggest a quick revision routine for this chapter.

Daily 15-minute flashcards for terms, dates and reformers for one week before exams.

50. How can students remember key reformers easily?

Group them by region and focus area (e.g., Roy — social reform & English; Vidyasagar — women’s education).