Correct: B. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in India with final appellate, original and advisory jurisdiction. It interprets the Constitution and its decisions bind all courts.

Correct: B. Habeas corpus. Habeas corpus protects personal freedom by requiring the authority detaining a person to produce them in court and justify the detention. It is a fundamental remedy against unlawful detention.

Correct: C. Examine constitutionality of laws. Judicial review is the power of courts to assess whether legislative or executive actions comply with the Constitution and to strike down those that violate constitutional provisions.

Correct: B. Make policy decisions. Policy-making is primarily the role of the legislature and executive. The judiciary interprets laws and reviews actions to ensure legality, but it should avoid taking on policy-making functions beyond legal interpretation.

Correct: C. Both Supreme Court and High Courts. Article 32 and Article 226 of the Constitution empower the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively to issue writs for protection of fundamental rights.

Correct: B. Seek relief for public issues affecting many. PIL allows courts to address matters of public interest, where affected individuals may not be able to approach the court themselves—examples include environmental harm, human rights violations, and systemic issues.

Correct: B. Security of tenure. Security of tenure means judges serve until retirement and cannot be easily removed, protecting them from external pressures. Temporary appointments or arbitrary removals would undermine independence.

Correct: B. Laws apply equally to everyone. Rule of law means that all people and institutions are accountable under the law and no one is above the law, ensuring fairness and order in society.

Correct: B. President of India after consultations. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President following consultations with senior judges and as per conventions (collegium) to ensure merit-based selection and independence.

Correct: B. To command a public official to perform duty. Mandamus directs a public authority to perform a public duty it has failed to perform. It is used to ensure lawful administration and protect citizens’ rights.

Correct: A. To quash orders of lower courts or authorities. Certiorari is a supervisory writ used by higher courts to invalidate decisions of lower courts/tribunals for jurisdictional errors or illegality.

Correct: A. Increasing use of technology in courts. Technology like e-filing, online case management, and virtual hearings speeds up processes, improves efficiency and helps reduce backlog. Reducing judges or banning aid would worsen access and delays.

Correct: B. Quo warranto. Quo warranto questions the legality of a person occupying a public office and can lead to removal if the claim is invalid.

Correct: A. It allows a higher court to review lower court decisions. Appellate jurisdiction provides a mechanism for correcting errors and ensuring consistent legal interpretation across courts.

Correct: A. Certiorari. Certiorari is used to quash administrative or judicial orders made without jurisdiction or in excess of power. Habeas corpus and quo warranto serve different purposes.

Correct: B. Collegium (senior judges) in consultation. The collegium system involves senior judges recommending appointments; the President appoints judges after consultations. This process aims to keep appointments independent of political influence.

Correct: B. Increased public trust in justice. Independence leads to impartial decisions based on law and facts, which strengthens citizens' confidence in the legal system.

Correct: B. Increasing court fees for all. Higher fees can make courts less accessible, especially for the poor. Legal aid, more courts and ADR improve access and affordability.

Correct: B. Advisory jurisdiction. The Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction allows it to advise the President on legal questions referred to it under the Constitution.

Correct: B. Judicial review and writs. Courts can examine administrative actions, issue writs and provide remedies to prevent or correct misuse of power, safeguarding citizens' rights.

Correct: B. Strike down the law. Courts have the power to invalidate laws that violate the Constitution; they cannot amend the Constitution (that is the legislature's role).

Correct: B. Fast-track courts and case management. Fast-track courts, better case scheduling and management improve speed and reduce backlog; procedural delays or fewer judges worsen delays.

Correct: B. PIL allows public-spirited persons to file for wider public issues. PIL expands access to justice for public causes; it does not replace all remedies and is not limited to commercial disputes.

Correct: B. Courts cannot make laws; they interpret them. Courts interpret and apply laws; making or changing laws is primarily the legislature's role, though judicial interpretation can influence law development.

Correct: B. Transparent, merit-based appointment process. Merit-based and transparent appointments reduce undue political influence and help maintain judicial quality and independence.

Correct: B. Supervisory jurisdiction. High Courts have supervisory powers over subordinate courts to ensure they act within law and procedure, maintaining uniformity and legality in lower courts.

Correct: B. Marginalised and poor individuals. Legal aid ensures those who cannot afford lawyers still get representation and access to justice, reducing inequality before the law.

Correct: A. Family courts. Specialized courts like family courts or consumer forums handle specific types of disputes with expertise and streamlined procedures for quicker resolution.

Correct: C. Declare the law invalid. The judiciary can strike down laws incompatible with fundamental rights, ensuring those rights remain protected under the Constitution.

Correct: B. Strong ethical codes and accountability mechanisms. Clear conduct rules, transparent procedures, and fair disciplinary systems deter misuse and maintain public confidence while protecting judicial independence.