1. What is a primary industry?

An industry that extracts natural resources (e.g., mining, agriculture, fishing).

2. Give two examples of primary industries.

Agriculture and fishing.

3. What is a secondary industry?

An industry that processes raw materials into finished goods (e.g., textile mills, steel plants).

4. Give an example of a secondary industry.

A cotton textile mill.

5. What is a tertiary industry?

A service industry providing services like banking, transport and health.

6. Give two examples of tertiary industries.

Banking and transportation.

7. Which sector provides raw materials to industries?

The primary sector.

8. Which sector grows fastest in developing economies like India?

The tertiary (service) sector.

9. What is a public sector industry?

An industry owned and run by the government.

10. Define a private sector industry.

An industry owned by individuals or private companies.

11. What are cottage industries?

Home-based small-scale industries producing goods by hand (e.g., handicrafts).

12. Give one example of a small-scale industry.

A village oil-press or pottery unit.

13. What is an agro-based industry?

An industry that uses agricultural products as raw materials (e.g., sugar mill).

14. Name a mineral-based industry.

Iron and steel industry.

15. What does 'forest-based industry' mean?

An industry using forest products like timber for paper and matches.

16. What is a joint sector enterprise?

An enterprise owned by both government and private companies.

17. Name one factor that influences industrial location.

Availability of raw materials.

18. Why is transport important for industries?

It reduces costs of moving raw materials and finished goods.

19. How does power availability affect industries?

Industries need reliable power for operations; energy availability attracts industries.

20. Why are markets a factor in industry location?

Proximity to markets reduces distribution costs and time.

21. How does labour influence where industries are set up?

Availability of skilled and unskilled labour attracts industries to a region.

22. What role do government policies play?

Policies, incentives and infrastructure (SEZs, industrial estates) encourage industry growth.

23. Why might heavy industries locate near raw materials?

To save transport costs on bulky raw materials (e.g., steel plants near ore and coal).

24. Give one reason industries locate near ports.

Ports facilitate export-import and reduce sea transport costs.

25. How does water availability affect industries?

Water is needed in many processes; industries locate where water is accessible.

26. Why are industrial estates useful?

They provide common facilities, better infrastructure and attract investment.

27. Name an industrial city known for steel production.

Jamshedpur.

28. Which city is famous for cotton textiles?

Ahmedabad or Mumbai.

29. Where is the IT industry concentrated in India?

Bengaluru and Hyderabad.

30. Name a place known for tea processing.

Assam (e.g., Dibrugarh).

31. Where are many automobile industries located?

Pune and Chennai regions.

32. Which region has many jute mills?

Hugli (West Bengal).

33. Name an industrial region famous for engineering goods.

Kolkata-Metro region and Ahmedabad (engineering clusters).

34. Why did Mumbai develop as an industrial centre?

Because of port facilities, market access and cotton trade historically.

35. How do industries create employment?

They offer direct factory jobs and indirect jobs in services, transport and trade.

36. How do industries contribute to GDP?

Manufacturing and services add value to raw materials, raising national income.

37. Name one way industries help exports.

By producing goods like textiles and engineering goods for foreign markets.

38. How do industries promote urbanisation?

They attract workers and investment, leading to city growth and infrastructure.

39. What is backward linkage of industries?

When an industry stimulates development of supplier industries (e.g., auto industry encouraging parts manufacturers).

40. What is forward linkage?

When an industry supports downstream industries (e.g., steel supporting engineering industries).

41. Give one harmful environmental effect of industries.

Air pollution from factory emissions.

42. Name a water pollution source from industries.

Effluent discharge from chemical and textile plants.

43. How do industries affect land use?

They convert agricultural or forest land into industrial and urban areas.

44. What social change is caused by industrialisation?

Migration from villages to cities for jobs.

45. Give one measure to control industrial pollution.

Installing effluent treatment plants and emission controls.

46. How can industries practice corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

By investing in local education, health and environmental projects.

47. What is an SEZ?

Special Economic Zone — a designated area with tax and business incentives to promote exports and investment.

48. Why does government support small-scale industries?

To promote employment, decentralised growth and protect traditional crafts.

49. Name one policy to control industrial pollution.

Air and Water (Prevention and Control) Acts and environmental regulations.

50. How can students use this chapter to score in exams?

Memorise definitions, list factors with examples and practice short/long answers and map questions.