Answer: C. Permanent Settlement (Zamindari).

Explanation: The Permanent Settlement of 1793 made zamindars the proprietors responsible for paying a fixed revenue to the British; they collected rent from peasants.

Answer: C. Ryotwari.

Explanation: The Ryotwari system involved direct assessment and collection of revenue from individual cultivators (ryots), giving them direct dealings with the government.

Answer: B. Village or estate (mahal).

Explanation: Mahalwari settlements treated the village or estate as the unit of assessment, with community leaders often responsible for payment.

Answer: C. Increase in rent extraction and exploitation.

Explanation: Zamindars, needing to meet fixed revenue, often raised rents and used intermediaries, worsening conditions for peasants.

Answer: B. Creation of multiple layers of intermediaries.

Explanation: Subinfeudation meant that zamindars appointed agents and sub-tenants, creating layers between cultivators and the state and increasing exploitation.

Answer: C. High taxes and crop failures led them to borrow.

Explanation: Heavy revenue demands and unexpected crop failures forced peasants to borrow from moneylenders at high interest, creating debt traps.

Answer: B. Landlessness and migration.

Explanation: When peasants were evicted due to unpaid rent, they often became landless and migrated to towns or worked as wage labourers.

Answer: B. Producing crops primarily for sale in markets.

Explanation: Commercialisation meant farmers grew cash crops like indigo, cotton or jute for the market instead of mainly for local consumption.

Answer: B. Dependence on market for food due to cash crops.

Explanation: When villages shifted to cash crops, they had less food reserves and relied on market purchases, increasing vulnerability when prices rose or supplies fell during famines.

Answer: B. Charged high interest and sometimes seized land.

Explanation: Moneylenders lent at high interest and could foreclose on mortgaged land, increasing landlessness and dependency.

Answer: A. Tenants collectively stop paying rent.

Explanation: Rent strikes were a form of protest where peasants refused to pay rent, aimed at forcing negotiations or official intervention.

Answer: B. Drew official attention and sometimes led to inquiries.

Explanation: Petitions were a peaceful way to seek redress; they sometimes triggered investigations or temporary relief.

Answer: B. Strong local leadership and networks.

Explanation: Leaders and social networks helped mobilise and organise peasants, making movements more effective.

Answer: B. They were sometimes met with repression and only temporary relief.

Explanation: While protests could win temporary concessions, systemic change was rare and authorities sometimes used force.

Answer: D. Formation of large private armies.

Explanation: Typical peasant protests included non-payment, petitions and local agitation; forming private armies was not a common or NCERT-illustrated method.

Answer: B. Madras and Bombay.

Explanation: The Ryotwari system was mainly practised in parts of Madras and Bombay Presidencies where cultivators were assessed individually.

Answer: B. Arrival of railways and improved transport.

Explanation: Railways connected interior regions to ports and cities, encouraging cash-crop cultivation for export markets.

Answer: B. Exposure to price volatility.

Explanation: Reliance on market prices for cash crops made peasants vulnerable to price falls and external demand changes, impacting incomes.

Answer: B. Reduced access to grazing and fuel.

Explanation: Privatization of commons removed crucial resources for villagers, reducing resilience and increasing market dependence.

Answer: B. Differences in revenue systems, crops and local institutions.

Explanation: Regional variations in land systems, cropping patterns and customary institutions led to diverse peasant experiences under colonial rule.

Answer: B. Ensured stable and predictable revenue for the state.

Explanation: Colonial policies prioritised securing regular revenue to fund administration and other expenses, often at the cost of peasant welfare.

Answer: B. Regulated cooperative credit institutions.

Explanation: Affordable cooperative credit can provide peasants with lower-interest loans and reduce exploitation by moneylenders.

Answer: B. Flexible assessments and tax relief.

Explanation: Allowing reductions in revenue during crop failures would reduce distress and prevent forced sales of land.

Answer: B. Providing local safety nets for fodder and fuel.

Explanation: Commons offer crucial resources that support livelihoods and reduce dependence on market purchases during hard times.

Answer: C. They increased administrative order but often harmed peasants.

Explanation: While the British brought administrative systems and revenue predictability, these often came at the cost of peasant welfare and customary rights.

Answer: B. Ryot.

Explanation: 'Ryot' is the term used for cultivators or peasants who worked the land.

Answer: B. Indigo or jute for export.

Explanation: Indigo and jute were commonly grown as cash crops for markets during colonial times.

Answer: C. Use NCERT phrases and structure answers clearly.

Explanation: Examiners often look for NCERT-aligned phrasing and clear structure, especially in CBSE exams.

Answer: B. Revenue systems transformed rural relations and often caused peasant distress.

Explanation: The chapter explains how different revenue policies reshaped village economies and led to indebtedness, eviction and protests.

Answer: B. Memorise exact NCERT points, practise MCQs and write structured answers.

Explanation: Aligning answers with NCERT language and practising question types ensures accuracy and confidence in CBSE exams.