Answer: B. Outsiders like moneylenders and officials.

Explanation: Tribals used 'diku' for outsiders — those who disrupted customary life, including traders, missionaries and colonial officials.

Answer: B. Clearing forest for a few years then moving on.

Explanation: Shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn) allowed soil recovery via fallow periods and matched tribal mobility and ecology.

Answer: B. Community lands used for grazing and gathering.

Explanation: Commons provided fodder, fuel and food, regulated by customary norms and vital for tribal livelihoods.

Answer: B. Birsa Munda.

Explanation: Birsa Munda led the Munda movement around 1899–1900, mobilising tribals against land alienation and cultural intrusion.

Answer: B. 1855–56.

Explanation: The Santhal rebellion was a major tribal uprising led by Sidhu and Kanhu against exploitation by moneylenders and outsiders.

Answer: B. Loss of land and forest rights.

Explanation: Colonial policies and outsider encroachment often deprived tribals of crucial resources, sparking rebellions.

Answer: B. Restricted access to forest resources.

Explanation: Forest laws often criminalised traditional uses and favoured commercial exploitation, harming tribal livelihoods.

Answer: B. Indebtedness and land loss.

Explanation: High-interest loans forced many to mortgage or sell land, leading to dispossession and dependence.

Answer: A. Petitions to authorities.

Explanation: Tribals sometimes used petitions and legal appeals to draw attention to grievances, seeking inquiries or relief.

Answer: B. Connecting them to larger markets.

Explanation: Railways brought market demand for cash crops and forest produce, integrating tribal areas into wider economic systems.

Answer: B. Shifting cultivation.

Explanation: Shifting cultivation included fallow periods allowing soil and forest regeneration, suited to low-density populations.

Answer: B. Military or police suppression.

Explanation: Many uprisings were met with force; only occasional inquiries or limited relief followed.

Answer: B. Preserve community memory and perspectives.

Explanation: Oral songs and stories carry tribal experiences, leadership memories and resistance narratives often absent in official records.

Answer: B. Cooperative credit institutions.

Explanation: Regulated cooperatives provide affordable loans and reduce exploitation by informal lenders.

Answer: B. Religious revival.

Explanation: Birsa Munda combined calls for social justice with spiritual renewal to mobilise support and legitimise the movement.

Answer: B. Reduced access to fuel and fodder.

Explanation: Privatization or enclosure deprived communities of common resources they depended on.

Answer: B. Exposure to price volatility.

Explanation: Reliance on market prices for cash crops made tribal incomes unstable and contingent on external demand.

Answer: B. Shared management and legal recognition of rights.

Explanation: Co-management or participatory arrangements can secure sustainable use and recognition of customary claims.

Answer: B. They organised and mobilised people.

Explanation: Charismatic and local leaders provided direction, coordination and legitimacy to resistance movements.

Answer: A. Oral songs and stories.

Explanation: Oral traditions provide contemporaneous community perspectives; government reports and missionary accounts are also key primary sources.

Answer: A. Religious revival.

Explanation: Religious motifs often legitimised and unified movements, as seen in Birsa Munda’s use of spiritual revival.

Answer: B. Marginalisation and poverty.

Explanation: Loss of land and resources pushed many into low-paid labour and social marginality.

Answer: B. Legal recognition and community management.

Explanation: Recognising customary rights and co-management supports sustainable use and livelihoods.

Answer: B. Land loss and outsider intrusion.

Explanation: Kol uprisings protested encroachment and loss of customary rights to outsiders and landlords.

Answer: B. Recommend minor reliefs or inquiry.

Explanation: Commissions often led to limited changes like temporary relief rather than systemic reform.

Answer: B. Diversified income sources and reduced risk.

Explanation: Seasonal migration provided additional wages during lean periods but could weaken community ties if prolonged.

Answer: B. Making dispossession legally easier for outsiders.

Explanation: Written records privileged documented titles, often undermining customary claims and enabling legal dispossession.

Answer: B. Due to lack of market information and alternative buyers.

Explanation: Isolated producers often had limited choices, allowing traders to set low prices and capture margins.

Answer: B. Reaffirm cultural claims and mobilise support.

Explanation: Symbolic reclaiming stresses cultural significance and builds collective identity that underpins political claims.

Answer: C. Colonial changes disrupted tribal life and sparked resistance.

Explanation: The chapter demonstrates how loss of land, forest restrictions and outsider pressures led to various forms of tribal resistance.