Q1. Define an industry.

An industry is an economic activity that produces goods or services by using raw materials, labour and machinery.

Q2. What are primary industries?

Primary industries extract natural resources, e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing and forestry.

Q3. What are secondary industries?

Secondary industries process raw materials to make finished goods, e.g., textile mills, steel plants.

Q4. What are tertiary industries?

Tertiary industries provide services such as banking, transport, education and IT services.

Q5. Give two examples of agro-based industries.

Sugar mills and cotton textile mills.

Q6. Give one example of a mineral-based industry.

Iron and steel industry (e.g., Jamshedpur).

Q7. What is meant by manufacturing?

Manufacturing is the process of transforming raw materials into finished goods through machines and labour.

Q8. Name one cottage industry.

Handloom weaving or pottery at home-based units.

Q9. What is a small-scale industry?

An industry with limited capital and labour, often serving local markets (e.g., village oil-press).

Q10. What is an example of a tertiary industry in India?

Information Technology (IT) services in Bengaluru.

Q11. What is a public sector industry?

An industry owned and managed by the government (e.g., Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited).

Q12. Define private sector industry.

An industry owned by private individuals or companies (e.g., Tata Motors).

Q13. What is a joint sector enterprise?

An enterprise jointly owned by government and private companies.

Q14. What is an agro-based industry?

An industry using agricultural products as raw materials, e.g., sugar and edible oil mills.

Q15. What is a forest-based industry?

An industry using forest products, e.g., paper and match industries using timber.

Q16. What are cottage industries?

Small, home-based industries using traditional skills like weaving and handicrafts.

Q17. Why are small-scale industries important?

They provide employment, preserve traditional skills and support rural economies.

Q18. Give one example of a large-scale industry in India.

Steel plants like those in Bokaro and Rourkela.

Q19. Name three factors that influence industrial location.

Availability of raw materials, transport facilities and power supply.

Q20. Why do heavy industries locate near raw materials?

To reduce transport costs of bulky raw materials (e.g., steel plants near iron ore and coal).

Q21. How does transport influence industrial location?

Good transport reduces costs of moving raw materials and finished goods and connects to markets.

Q22. Why is power important for industries?

Industries need reliable electricity or fuel for machinery and manufacturing processes.

Q23. How does labour availability affect industry location?

Regions with skilled and unskilled labour attract industries due to lower recruitment costs.

Q24. Why are markets considered while locating industries?

Proximity to consumers helps reduce distribution time and cost, especially for perishable goods.

Q25. What role do government incentives play in industrial location?

Incentives, tax breaks and SEZs attract investment and promote industry growth in chosen areas.

Q26. Why do industries sometimes locate near ports?

Ports facilitate import-export and reduce long-distance shipping costs for raw materials and goods.

Q27. How does water availability affect industry location?

Water is essential for many processes; industries locate where adequate water is accessible.

Q28. What is an industrial estate?

A planned area with facilities and infrastructure for industries to operate efficiently.

Q29. Name a major steel producing region in India.

The Chotanagpur plateau region (Jamshedpur–Bokaro–Rourkela).

Q30. Where are many cotton textile mills located?

Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Kolkata regions.

Q31. Which city is known as the IT capital of India?

Bengaluru.

Q32. Name an area famous for tea plantations and processing.

Assam (e.g., Dibrugarh) and Darjeeling.

Q33. Which region is known for automobile industries?

Pune–Chakan region and Chennai in Tamil Nadu.

Q34. Why did Mumbai become an industrial centre?

Because of its port, access to raw cotton, and large market for goods.

Q35. Name a region known for jute mills.

Hugli region in West Bengal.

Q36. Where are many engineering industries found?

Kolkata and Mumbai regions have clusters of engineering industries.

Q37. How do industries create employment?

By providing direct jobs in factories and indirect jobs in services, transport and trade.

Q38. How do industries contribute to national income?

Through production of goods and services that add value, contributing to GDP and exports.

Q39. How do industries help exports?

By manufacturing goods like textiles and machinery that are sold overseas, earning foreign exchange.

Q40. What are backward linkages?

The development of supplier industries that provide inputs to a primary industry (e.g., parts manufacturers for autos).

Q41. What are forward linkages?

Industries that use the output of another industry to produce further products (e.g., steel → engineering products).

Q42. How do industries promote regional development?

They bring infrastructure, jobs, and investment to a region, spurring urbanisation and services.

Q43. Name one environmental problem caused by industries.

Air pollution from factory emissions.

Q44. How do industrial effluents affect water bodies?

They pollute rivers and lakes, harming aquatic life and human health.

Q45. What is industrial waste?

By-products and refuse from factories, which may be hazardous and require safe disposal.

Q46. How does industrialisation affect employment in rural areas?

It may cause migration from rural to urban areas as people seek industrial jobs, reducing rural labour availability.

Q47. Give one social benefit of industries.

Improved living standards due to higher incomes and better services like hospitals and schools.

Q48. Mention one method to control industrial pollution.

Installing effluent treatment plants and adopting cleaner production technologies.

Q49. What is an SEZ and why is it important?

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) offers tax and business incentives to attract investment and boost exports.

Q50. How should students prepare this chapter for exams?

Memorise definitions, list factors with examples, learn industrial regions and impacts, and practise short/long answers and map points.