1. What does 'production across countries' mean?

It means different stages of making a product take place in different countries.

2. Give one simple example of production across countries.

A mobile phone with design in USA, components from China and assembly in Vietnam.

3. Why have firms started producing across countries?

To lower costs, use local skills and access raw materials.

4. How does division of labour relate to production across countries?

Countries specialise in tasks where they have advantage, similar to division of labour at global level.

5. Name a sector where production across countries is common.

Electronics and garments sectors commonly use global production networks.

6. How does production across countries affect consumers?

It gives consumers more choices and often lower prices.

7. Does production across countries always increase employment locally?

Not always; it can create jobs in some places and reduce them in others.

8. What role do transport and communication play?

They make it possible to coordinate and move parts quickly between countries.

9. What is meant by interlinking of production?

It means different producers in different countries are connected in the production process.

10. Give a one-line benefit of interlinking production.

It reduces production costs through specialisation.

11. How do multinational companies use interlinking?

They set up factories, sourcing and services in different countries to form supply chains.

12. What is a supply chain?

A sequence of processes and firms involved in producing and delivering a product.

13. Does interlinking increase competition?

Yes, it increases competition as firms from many countries compete in shared markets.

14. Mention one risk of interlinking production.

Supply chain disruptions can affect production across many countries.

15. How does technology support interlinking?

Technology enables real-time coordination, tracking and communication between firms globally.

16. Can small firms be part of interlinked production?

Yes, they can supply parts or services to larger firms in global supply chains.

17. What is foreign trade?

Buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

18. What does market integration mean?

When markets of different countries operate closely and prices become linked.

19. How does trade liberalisation help integration?

By reducing tariffs and barriers, it allows goods and services to move more freely.

20. Name one effect of market integration on domestic producers.

They face greater competition from foreign firms.

21. How does integration benefit exporters?

Exporters gain access to larger markets and more customers.

22. What is meant by balance of payments?

A record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world.

23. Mention one way governments promote foreign trade.

They may provide export incentives and negotiate trade agreements.

24. How do consumers benefit from global market integration?

They get a wider variety of goods, often at lower prices.

25. Define globalization in one sentence.

Globalization is the process of growing interdependence among countries through trade, investment and information exchange.

26. Is globalization only economic?

No; it has economic, social and cultural dimensions.

27. Give one cultural effect of globalization.

Exchange of ideas, languages and cultural products across countries.

28. Can globalization affect government policies?

Yes, governments may change trade or investment policies to integrate with the global economy.

29. Does globalization make countries interdependent?

Yes, events in one country can affect others through trade and finance links.

30. Name one indicator of globalization.

High levels of trade-to-GDP ratio are an indicator.

31. Is internet important for globalization?

Yes, it enables fast communication and cross-border services.

32. Does globalization always lead to uniformity?

Not always; local cultures may adapt selectively and preserve unique traits.

33. Name one technological factor enabling globalization.

The internet and improved communication systems.

34. How do MNCs enable globalization?

MNCs invest abroad and create international production networks.

35. What role do transport improvements play?

Faster and cheaper transport makes moving goods between countries easier.

36. How do trade policies affect globalization?

Liberal trade policies reduce barriers, encouraging international trade.

37. Why is finance important for globalization?

Cross-border capital flows fund investment and business expansion abroad.

38. Give an example of trade in services aiding globalization.

IT and software services exported from India to other countries.

39. How do global institutions support globalization?

They set rules and provide forums to resolve trade disputes and promote cooperation.

40. Does liberalisation mean opening the economy?

Yes; liberalisation refers to reducing government controls on trade and business.

41. What is the WTO?

An international organisation that makes rules for global trade and settles disputes.

42. When was WTO formed (short answer)?

WTO was established in 1995, replacing GATT.

43. Name one function of the WTO.

To facilitate trade negotiations among member countries.

44. What does dispute settlement mean in WTO?

A legal process to resolve trade conflicts between member countries.

45. Does WTO deal with services as well as goods?

Yes; WTO covers goods, services and intellectual property rules.

46. Why do countries join WTO?

To gain predictable access to other markets and follow common trade rules.

47. Mention one criticism of WTO.

Critics say it favours rich countries and large corporations over poorer nations.

48. How can WTO help developing countries?

By providing a forum to negotiate and seek fair trade terms and technical assistance.

49. Name one positive impact of globalization on India.

Growth of IT services and software exports.

50. Name one negative impact of globalization on India.

Small producers sometimes face competition from cheaper imports.

51. How has FDI affected India?

FDI brought capital, technology and new management practices to India.

52. Does globalization affect income distribution?

Yes; benefits may be uneven, often favouring skilled workers and urban areas.

53. How did globalization help Indian exporters?

Exporters found new markets and increased foreign demand for Indian goods and services.

54. Has globalization affected Indian agriculture?

Yes; farmers may face competition from imported food and changing global prices.

55. Give one example of a sector that expanded due to globalization.

The information technology (IT) sector expanded rapidly due to global demand.

56. How can India benefit more from globalization?

By improving education, infrastructure and support for small producers to compete globally.

57. What is meant by the struggle for fair globalization?

Efforts to make globalization benefit poorer countries and protect vulnerable groups.

58. Name one demand of fair globalization movements.

Better labour rights and higher wages for workers in developing countries.

59. How can trade rules be made fairer?

By including special provisions for developing countries and protecting small producers.

60. Give one way consumers can support fair globalization.

By choosing ethically produced goods and supporting fair-trade products.