Correct option: (b)

During the First World War, the British government spent huge amounts on the army. To meet this, it raised taxes, customs duties and war loans. Prices of essential goods rose sharply and common people suffered. Options (a) and (d) are incorrect because goods did not become cheaper, and agriculture did not suddenly boom. Option (c) is wrong because India was still under British rule. Hence, (b) best captures the new economic situation.

Correct option: (c)

The war created a demand for soldiers, so the colonial government resorted to forced recruitment in many villages. Young men were compelled to join the army, causing resentment. There was no decrease in recruitment (b), no immediate self-government (d), and industrialisation (a) was limited and uneven, not a direct social effect like (c).

Correct option: (b)

Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha rested on truth (satya), non-violence (ahimsa) and the willingness to suffer for a just cause. It aimed to appeal to the opponent’s conscience, not to defeat him through violence. Options (a), (c) and (d) contradict the basic principles of Satyagraha, which clearly makes (b) the correct answer.

Correct option: (d)

In Champaran (Bihar), Gandhiji led a Satyagraha for the indigo cultivators against the oppressive plantation system – so (d) is correct. Kheda was about revenue remission for peasants, and Ahmedabad was about mill workers’ wages. Options (a), (b) and (c) wrongly mix up the issues and places.

Correct option: (b)

The Rowlatt Act allowed the government to arrest and detain people without trial, and conduct secret trials without jury. This clearly violated basic civil rights. It did not grant freedoms (a or d) nor reduce taxes (c). Hence option (b) correctly explains why people called it a “black law”.

Correct option: (b)

The tragedy occurred at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, where General Dyer ordered firing on a peaceful gathering. Options (a), (c) and (d) either mention the wrong place or wrong person, so only (b) is accurate.

Correct option: (a)

The Khilafat issue concerned the Turkish Sultan, who was regarded as the Caliph, the spiritual head of Muslims. Muslims were worried about his position after the war. Partition of Bengal (b), Simon Commission (c) and salt tax (d) are separate issues, so (a) is correct.

Correct option: (a)

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were the famous Ali brothers who led the Khilafat Movement in India. The other pairs are leaders from different contexts and movements. Hence, option (a) is the only correct choice.

Correct option: (b)

Non-Cooperation, for Gandhiji, was peaceful refusal to cooperate with unjust laws, courts, schools and goods. It did not include violence (a), extra cooperation (c) or joining the British army (d). Therefore, (b) expresses his idea accurately.

Correct option: (b)

The Non-Cooperation Programme was adopted at the Nagpur Session (1920) of the Indian National Congress. Lahore Session (a) is famous for Purna Swaraj (1929), and the others are associated with different resolutions. Hence, (b) is correct.

Correct option: (c)

The movement was strictly non-violent, so a “complete armed struggle” (c) was never part of it. Boycotting foreign cloth, government institutions and surrendering titles were key elements, making (a), (b) and (d) correct components of the programme.

Correct option: (a)

Kashi Vidyapeeth (along with Jamia Millia Islamia and Gujarat Vidyapith) was established as a national alternative to government institutions. The others (b, c, d) were government or elite colleges under British control, so option (a) is correct.

Correct option: (a)

Baba Ramchandra was a leader of the peasant movement in Awadh (Oudh). Alluri Sitarama Raju led tribals in Gudem Hills, tea workers of Assam had no such single national leader, and mill workers in Ahmedabad were led with Gandhiji’s support. Hence, (a) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

For Awadh peasants, Swaraj meant an end to high rents, begar and landlord oppression, i.e., an end to landlordism and reduction of rents. Options (a), (c) and (d) do not reflect their local economic concerns, so (b) is the best answer.

Correct option: (b)

Alluri Sitarama Raju led the tribal revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. Champaran (a) is linked with indigo peasants, Awadh (c) with Baba Ramchandra, and Dandi (d) with the Salt March. Thus option (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

The Inland Emigration Act bound plantation workers to the tea gardens and restricted their movement to other places. Rowlatt Act (a) targeted political activists, not specifically workers. So, (b) is the correct law in this context.

Correct option: (c)

When a police station at Chauri Chaura was burnt and policemen were killed, Gandhiji was deeply disturbed by the violence and decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. It did not start Civil Disobedience (a), nor was it related to the other events mentioned. So, (c) is right.

Correct option: (c)

The phrase indicates that various social groups – peasants, tribals, workers, middle class – joined the national movement with their own expectations and aims. They were united against colonial rule but did not always share identical goals. Thus, (c) expresses this idea correctly.

Correct option: (b)

The Simon Commission (1927) had seven members, all British. The absence of any Indian member angered political leaders, who felt that Indians should help frame their own constitution. It did not do what options (a), (c) or (d) state, so (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

The Lahore Session of 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, proclaimed Purna Swaraj as the Congress goal. The other options refer to different years and resolutions. Therefore, (b) is the right answer.

Correct option: (b)

The Civil Disobedience Movement was formally launched with the Dandi March in 1930 and breaking the salt law. Champaran (a) was an earlier Satyagraha, and the other events belong to different contexts. So, (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

Salt is a simple commodity used by everyone, rich and poor, and the British salt tax hurt all sections of society. This made it an ideal symbol of unjust colonial rule. Options (a), (c) and (d) are clearly incorrect descriptions, so (b) is correct.

Correct option: (d)

Civil Disobedience involved defying laws, boycotts and refusing to pay taxes – all non-violent forms of protest. Joining the British army (d) goes against the idea of disobeying colonial authority, so it was not a part of the movement. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

Correct option: (b)

Under the Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931), the government agreed to release political prisoners and Gandhiji agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and attend the Round Table Conference. The other pacts refer to different agreements, so (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

Indian industrialists and business groups supported the movement largely because they wanted economic policies in an independent India that would protect them from foreign competition. They were not looking for lower wages (a), more British control (c), or opposing self-rule (d). Hence, (b) is correct.

Correct option: (a)

Collective belonging is the feeling that different individuals see themselves as part of one nation. It is about shared identity, not just living in one place (b), money (c), or forced uniformity (d). Thus, (a) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

The image of Bharat Mata was designed to personify India as a nurturing mother, inspiring love and devotion. It did not represent the British (a), nor was it meant just to glorify a particular religion (c) or Indian defeat (d). So, (b) correctly states the purpose.

Correct option: (b)

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed “Vande Mataram”, which later became a famous national song and was included in his novel Anandamath. The other names are important literary figures but did not compose this song. Hence, (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

Collecting folklore was a way to show that ordinary people had a rich cultural heritage and to create pride in this shared culture, strengthening the sense of nationalism. It was not to show backwardness (a), nor only for the elite (c) or to discourage participation (d). So (b) is correct.

Correct option: (b)

Nationalist historians wrote about India’s achievements in science, art and culture and stressed the cultural unity of the subcontinent. This challenged colonial stereotypes and gave Indians confidence to demand freedom. Options (a), (c) and (d) contradict this purpose, so (b) is the accurate explanation.