Part 8 — Advanced, Assertion–Reason & Application-based MCQs (Q.176–200)

Part 8 — Advanced, Assertion–Reason & Application-based MCQs (Q.176–200)

Q176. Assertion (A): In gymnosperms, the endosperm is haploid.

Reason (R): It is formed before fertilization from female gametophyte.

A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C) A is true, R is false.
D) A is false, R is true.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Endosperm in gymnosperms originates from haploid female gametophyte before fertilization, hence haploid.

Q177. Assertion (A): Flowers in angiosperms are modified shoots.

Reason (R): Floral organs arise in acropetal succession on the thalamus.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Floral appendages (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) arise sequentially on the thalamus, proving flowers are modified shoots.

Q178. In angiosperms, the embryo sac is formed from:

A) Functional megaspore by mitotic divisions
B) Megaspore mother cell by meiosis only
C) Entire nucellus
D) Egg cell directly

Answer: A) Functional megaspore by mitotic divisions

Explanation:

• A) Correct – 1 functional megaspore undergoes 3 mitotic divisions → 8-nucleate embryo sac.
• B) Wrong – MMC undergoes meiosis, but embryo sac develops only from one surviving megaspore.
• C) Wrong – Nucellus remains nutritive.
• D) Wrong – Egg cell is only one cell of embryo sac.

Q179. Assertion (A): Xylem vessels are absent in most gymnosperms.

Reason (R): They conduct water only through tracheids.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Gymnosperms (except Gnetales) lack vessels; conduction occurs mainly via tracheids.

Q180. A plant has leaves with parallel venation and fibrous roots. Which is most likely?

A) Wheat
B) Mustard
C) Hibiscus
D) Sunflower

Answer: A) Wheat

Explanation:

• A) Correct – Wheat is monocot → parallel venation + fibrous root.
• B, C, D) Wrong – Dicots show reticulate venation + tap root.

Q181. Assertion (A): Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms.

Reason (R): More than one embryo can develop in a single ovule.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: In gymnosperms, multiple archegonia may fertilize, producing many embryos inside one ovule.

Q182. Which statement about bryophytes and pteridophytes is true?

A) Both have dominant sporophytes
B) Both depend on water for fertilization
C) Both produce seeds
D) Both show double fertilization

Answer: B) Both depend on water for fertilization

Explanation:

• A) Wrong – Bryophytes have dominant gametophytes.
• B) Correct – Both need motile sperm swimming in water.
• C, D) Wrong – Seeds and double fertilization absent.

Q183. Assertion (A): Angiosperms are the most advanced plants.

Reason (R): They exhibit double fertilization, flowers, and fruits.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Combination of flowers for pollination, fruits for dispersal, and double fertilization for efficient nourishment makes angiosperms most successful.

Q184. In a dicot root, the vascular bundles are arranged:

A) Radially with exarch xylem
B) Radially with endarch xylem
C) In a ring, collateral and open
D) Scattered and closed

Answer: A) Radially with exarch xylem

Explanation: Dicots roots → radial bundles + exarch xylem (protoxylem at periphery).

Q185. Assertion (A): In angiosperms, fertilization occurs through pollen tube.

Reason (R): Male gametes are non-motile.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Unlike lower plants, male gametes in angiosperms are non-motile → pollen tube delivers them.

Q186. A gymnosperm seed differs from an angiosperm seed in having:

A) Triploid endosperm
B) Haploid endosperm
C) Fruit wall around seed
D) Two cotyledons only

Answer: B) Haploid endosperm

Explanation:

• A, C) Wrong – Triploid endosperm + fruit wall = angiosperms.
• B) Correct – Gymnosperms have haploid nutritive tissue.
• D) Wrong – Cotyledon number varies, not unique.

Q187. Assertion (A): Monocot stems do not undergo secondary growth.

Reason (R): Their vascular bundles are closed.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Closed bundles lack cambium → no secondary growth in monocot stems.

Q188. An angiosperm plant shows inferior ovary, epigynous flower, and syngenesious anthers. This is likely:

A) Sunflower (Asteraceae)
B) Mustard (Brassicaceae)
C) Hibiscus (Malvaceae)
D) China rose

Answer: A) Sunflower (Asteraceae)

Explanation:

• A) Correct – Asteraceae → epigynous flowers, syngenesious stamens.
• B, C, D) Wrong – They have superior ovaries.

Q189. Assertion (A): Companion cells are absent in gymnosperms.

Reason (R): Their phloem contains sieve cells instead of sieve tubes.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Gymnosperms → primitive phloem with sieve cells, no companion cells.

Q190. In angiosperms, antipodals in the embryo sac are located at:

A) Micropylar end
B) Chalazal end
C) Alongside egg cell
D) Near polar nuclei

Answer: B) Chalazal end

Explanation: Antipodals (3 cells) are located opposite micropyle → at chalazal end.

Q191. Assertion (A): Ginkgo biloba is called a living fossil.

Reason (R): It resembles fossils but still exists today.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Ginkgo biloba survived unchanged from Mesozoic fossils → living fossil.

Q192. If a flower is described as actinomorphic, hypogynous, and polyandrous, it may belong to:

A) Fabaceae
B) Solanaceae
C) Brassicaceae
D) Orchidaceae

Answer: C) Brassicaceae

Explanation: Brassicaceae (mustard) → actinomorphic flowers, superior ovary (hypogynous), many free stamens.

Q193. Assertion (A): In gymnosperms, pollination occurs before fertilization by a long gap.

Reason (R): Fertilization is delayed until archegonia are mature.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Gymnosperm pollination → fertilization delay (months–years) until archegonia develop.

Q194. Which of the following statements about angiosperm ovule is incorrect?

A) Integuments form seed coat
B) Nucellus forms embryo
C) Micropyle allows pollen tube entry
D) Chalaza is opposite micropyle

Answer: B) Nucellus forms embryo

Explanation: Embryo forms from zygote, not nucellus.

Q195. Assertion (A): Non-albuminous seeds lack endosperm.

Reason (R): Cotyledons store food instead.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Example: Pea, Bean – food stored in cotyledons, endosperm consumed.

Q196. A gymnosperm showing vessels in xylem and angiosperm-like features is:

A) Pinus
B) Cycas
C) Gnetum
D) Cedrus

Answer: C) Gnetum

Explanation: Gnetum (gymnosperm) shows angiosperm-like features: vessels + double fertilization (without endosperm).

Q197. Assertion (A): In dicots, pollen grains are mostly tricolpate.

Reason (R): They have three germ pores or furrows.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Dicots = tricolpate pollen (diagnostic NEET feature).

Q198. In angiosperms, double fertilization produces:

A) One zygote and two embryos
B) One zygote and one triploid endosperm
C) Two zygotes
D) Triploid zygote only

Answer: B) One zygote and one triploid endosperm

Explanation: One male gamete → egg (zygote, diploid); other male gamete → polar nuclei (endosperm, triploid).

Q199. Assertion (A): Fruits are absent in gymnosperms.

Reason (R): Their ovules are naked, not enclosed in ovaries.

Answer: A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.

Explanation: Gymnosperms → naked ovules → no fruit wall develops.

Q200. A seed having one cotyledon, parallel venation, and fibrous roots belongs to:

A) Pea
B) Maize
C) Mustard
D) Mango

Answer: B) Maize

Explanation: Maize = monocot → single cotyledon (scutellum), fibrous root, parallel venation.

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