Part 8: Miscellaneous & Integrated NEET-Level Practice Questions
Part 8 (25 MCQs) from Miscellaneous & Integrated NEET-level Practice Questions based on Chapter 19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination.
Part 8: Miscellaneous & Integrated NEET-Level Practice Questions
Q1. The functional unit of kidney in humans is:
a) Nephron
b) Bowman’s capsule
c) Glomerulus
d) Collecting duct
Answer: a) Nephron
Explanation:
- ✅ (a) Nephron = structural + functional unit.
- (b), (c), (d) – parts of nephron, not full unit.
Q2. Maximum reabsorption of glucose occurs in:
a) PCT
b) Loop of Henle
c) DCT
d) Collecting duct
Answer: a) PCT
Explanation:
- ✅ (a) PCT reabsorbs 100% glucose in healthy individuals.
Q3. Which part of nephron generates hyperosmotic medullary interstitium?
a) Loop of Henle
b) PCT
c) DCT
d) Collecting duct
Answer: a) Loop of Henle
Explanation:
- ✅ (a) Loop of Henle → counter-current multiplier.
Q4. In amphibians, the chief excretory product varies as:
a) Ammonia in water, urea on land
b) Urea in water, uric acid on land
c) Ammonia on land, urea in water
d) Uric acid in both
Answer: a) Ammonia in water, urea on land
Explanation:
- ✅ Amphibians = ammonotelic in water, ureotelic on land.
Q5. In human kidney, the descending limb of Henle’s loop is:
a) Permeable to water, impermeable to NaCl
b) Impermeable to water, permeable to NaCl
c) Impermeable to both
d) Permeable to both
Answer: a) Permeable to water, impermeable to NaCl
Explanation:
- ✅ This difference establishes osmotic gradient.
Q6. Which nitrogenous waste is most energy-efficient to produce?
a) Urea
b) Ammonia
c) Uric acid
d) Allantoin
Answer: b) Ammonia
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Ammonia – produced without ATP cost, but toxic.
Q7. GFR in a healthy human adult is about:
a) 100 ml/min
b) 125 ml/min
c) 250 ml/min
d) 500 ml/min
Answer: b) 125 ml/min
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) ~125 ml/min = ~180 L/day.
Q8. Which hormone is secreted when blood volume decreases?
a) ANF
b) Aldosterone
c) ADH
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c
Explanation:
- ✅ (d) Low volume → ADH + aldosterone secretion ↑.
- (a) ANF secreted during high BP.
Q9. The micturition reflex is:
a) Voluntary only
b) Involuntary only
c) Both voluntary and involuntary
d) Reflex independent of CNS
Answer: c) Both voluntary and involuntary
Explanation:
- ✅ Reflex (spinal cord, involuntary) + voluntary cortical control.
Q10. Hypersecretion of ADH causes:
a) Polyuria
b) Oliguria
c) Anuria
d) Ketonuria
Answer: b) Oliguria
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) ADH ↑ → water reabsorption ↑ → less urine output.
Q11. Which blood vessel carries blood away from glomerulus?
a) Afferent arteriole
b) Efferent arteriole
c) Renal artery
d) Renal vein
Answer: b) Efferent arteriole
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Efferent arteriole drains glomerular blood.
Q12. Presence of ketone bodies in urine is due to:
a) Protein deficiency
b) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
c) Hypertension
d) Jaundice
Answer: b) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Lipid breakdown → ketone accumulation.
Q13. Which hormone opposes RAAS?
a) ADH
b) ANF
c) Renin
d) Angiotensin II
Answer: b) ANF
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) ANF lowers BP by excreting Na+ & water.
Q14. The osmolarity of filtrate at Bowman’s capsule is about:
a) 100 mOsm/L
b) 300 mOsm/L
c) 600 mOsm/L
d) 1200 mOsm/L
Answer: b) 300 mOsm/L
Explanation:
- ✅ Isotonic with plasma.
Q15. Which excretory organ eliminates bile pigments?
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c) Skin
d) Lungs
Answer: b) Liver
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Bile pigments (bilirubin, biliverdin) → liver excretion.
Q16. Which of the following does NOT pass through glomerular filter?
a) Amino acids
b) Glucose
c) Plasma proteins
d) Sodium ions
Answer: c) Plasma proteins
Explanation:
- ✅ Too large, retained in blood.
Q17. Which nephron type is mainly responsible for concentrated urine?
a) Cortical nephron
b) Juxtamedullary nephron
c) Both equally
d) None
Answer: b) Juxtamedullary nephron
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Long loops + vasa recta → counter-current.
Q18. Which condition is treated by kidney transplantation?
a) Uremia
b) Polycystic kidney disease
c) Chronic renal failure
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation:
- ✅ (d) All require permanent replacement therapy.
Q19. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in:
a) PCT and descending limb of Henle
b) Ascending limb of Henle
c) DCT only
d) Collecting duct only
Answer: a) PCT and descending limb of Henle
Explanation:
- ✅ (a) Not hormone-dependent, always occurs.
Q20. Diabetes insipidus is caused by deficiency of:
a) Insulin
b) ADH
c) Aldosterone
d) Cortisol
Answer: b) ADH
Explanation:
- ✅ (b) Leads to dilute urine (polyuria).
Q21. Which part of nephron is impermeable to water?
a) Descending loop of Henle
b) Ascending loop of Henle
c) Collecting duct
d) PCT
Answer: b) Ascending loop of Henle
Explanation:
- ✅ Impermeable to water but actively pumps salts.
Q22. Which is a characteristic feature of uricotelic animals?
a) Excrete ammonia
b) Excrete urea
c) Excrete uric acid
d) Excrete creatinine
Answer: c) Excrete uric acid
Explanation:
- ✅ Birds, reptiles, insects → conserve water.
Q23. Which enzyme is secreted by JG cells?
a) ACE
b) Renin
c) Aldosterone
d) ADH
Answer: b) Renin
Explanation:
- ✅ Renin catalyzes angiotensinogen → angiotensin I.
Q24. The medullary osmotic gradient is maintained by:
a) Cortical nephrons
b) Counter-current system of loop of Henle & vasa recta
c) Glomerulus filtration
d) DCT secretion
Answer: b) Counter-current system of loop of Henle & vasa recta
Explanation:
- ✅ This maintains ~1200 mOsm/L gradient.
Q25. Which of the following substances is NEVER reabsorbed by nephron?
a) Glucose
b) Amino acids
c) Sodium
d) Creatinine
Answer: d) Creatinine
Explanation:
- ✅ Creatinine is filtered but not reabsorbed → useful in GFR estimation.
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