Part 2: Evidence for Evolution (25 MCQs)
Part 2: Evidence for Evolution – Palaeontology, Comparative Anatomy, Embryology, Molecular Evidence (25 MCQs)
Q26. Which of the following provides direct evidence for evolution?
a) Comparative anatomy
b) Palaeontology (fossils)
c) Embryology
d) Molecular biology
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Fossils = direct evidence of past life forms.
- a, c, d) Indirect evidences.
Q27. Archaeopteryx is an example of:
a) Living fossil
b) Missing link between reptiles and birds
c) First mammal
d) Transitional amphibian
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Archaeopteryx shows features of reptiles (teeth, tail) and birds (feathers).
Q28. The study of fossils is called:
a) Taxonomy
b) Palaeontology
c) Comparative anatomy
d) Embryology
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Fossil study = palaeontology.
Q29. The term “living fossil” refers to:
a) Dead fossil organisms
b) Extinct mammals
c) Organisms resembling ancient forms
d) Mammoth remains
Answer: c
- c) Correct: Living fossils (e.g., Peripatus, Limulus, Ginkgo) resemble ancient ancestors.
Q30. Whales having pelvic bones is an example of:
a) Homologous organs
b) Analogous organs
c) Vestigial organs
d) Mutation
Answer: c
- c) Correct: Pelvic bones in whales = vestigial structures.
Q31. Homologous organs indicate:
a) Common ancestry
b) Convergent evolution
c) Adaptation to different functions
d) Both a and c
Answer: d
- d) Correct: Homology = same origin, different function → divergent evolution.
Q32. Wings of bat and forelimb of man are:
a) Homologous organs
b) Analogous organs
c) Vestigial organs
d) Convergent traits
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Both have same origin, different function.
Q33. Wings of insect and wings of bird are:
a) Homologous organs
b) Analogous organs
c) Vestigial organs
d) None
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Different origin, same function → analogous.
Q34. The evolution of analogous organs is called:
a) Divergent evolution
b) Adaptive radiation
c) Convergent evolution
d) Parallel evolution
Answer: c
- c) Correct: Analogous = convergent evolution.
Q35. Forelimb of whale, horse, bat, and human show:
a) Divergent evolution
b) Convergent evolution
c) Vestigiality
d) Mutation
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Same structure modified for different functions → divergence.
Q36. Which embryological evidence supports common ancestry?
a) Similar adult morphology
b) Similar early embryonic stages
c) Different zygote formation
d) Unique development patterns
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Similar embryonic stages in vertebrates → common ancestry.
Q37. Which scientist gave importance to embryological evidence?
a) Darwin
b) Haeckel
c) Wallace
d) Lamarck
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Ernst Haeckel proposed biogenetic law.
Q38. The “biogenetic law” states:
a) Ontogeny repeats phylogeny
b) Survival of fittest
c) Use and disuse theory
d) Law of dominance
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Ontogeny (development) recapitulates phylogeny (evolutionary history).
Q39. Presence of gill slits in human embryos indicates:
a) Mutation
b) Aquatic ancestry of vertebrates
c) No relation to evolution
d) Special creation
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Gill slits in embryos → evidence of fish-like ancestors.
Q40. Molecular evidence for evolution is supported by:
a) Similarities in DNA, RNA, proteins
b) Similar fossils
c) Similar embryos only
d) Homologous organs only
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Molecular homology = similar biomolecules across species.
Q41. Which protein sequence is most used in molecular evidence of evolution?
a) Actin
b) Cytochrome c
c) Tubulin
d) Hemoglobin
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Cytochrome c sequence is highly conserved → molecular clock.
Q42. Which pair of organs is vestigial in humans?
a) Wings of bat and forelimb of man
b) Appendix and wisdom teeth
c) Gills and lungs
d) Heart and lungs
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Human appendix, wisdom teeth, body hair, coccyx are vestigial.
Q43. Convergent evolution results in:
a) Analogous structures
b) Homologous structures
c) Vestigial organs
d) Fossils
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Analogous organs arise due to convergent evolution.
Q44. Divergent evolution results in:
a) Analogous structures
b) Homologous structures
c) Vestigial organs
d) No change
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Homologous structures arise due to divergent evolution.
Q45. Fossils in lower strata are:
a) More recent
b) Primitive
c) Advanced
d) Younger
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Lower rock strata = older, primitive fossils.
Q46. Darwin supported his theory mainly from:
a) Fossil record and variations in finches
b) Genetics
c) Biochemical tests
d) Molecular sequencing
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Darwin relied on fossils + Galapagos finches observations.
Q47. Which of the following organisms is a connecting link?
a) Peripatus
b) Bat
c) Whale
d) Amoeba
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Peripatus → connects annelids & arthropods.
Q48. Similar bone structure in vertebrate limbs indicates:
a) Convergent evolution
b) Divergent evolution
c) Analogous structures
d) Vestigiality
Answer: b
- b) Correct: Similar internal structure → divergence.
Q49. Which is NOT a molecular evidence of evolution?
a) DNA hybridization
b) Amino acid sequencing
c) Fossil record
d) Immunological tests
Answer: c
- c) Correct: Fossils = palaeontology, not molecular evidence.
Q50. Which of the following supports “common origin of life”?
a) Similar genetic code in all organisms
b) Presence of fossils
c) Analogous organs
d) Different metabolic pathways
Answer: a
- a) Correct: Genetic code is universal → supports common ancestry.
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