Part 4: Menstrual Cycle — Phases, Hormonal Regulation, Disorders

Part 4: Menstrual Cycle — Phases, Hormonal Regulation, Disorders

Q1. The average duration of a normal menstrual cycle is:

a) 14 days
b) 21 days
c) 28 days
d) 35 days

Answer: c) 28 days
Explanation:

• (c) Correct. Normal range 28 ± 3 days; 28 is standard.
• 14 days → luteal phase only.
• 21/35 → extremes, not average.

Q2. The menstrual phase in humans lasts for about:

a) 1–2 days
b) 3–5 days
c) 6–8 days
d) 10 days

Answer: b) 3–5 days
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Menstrual bleeding usually 3–5 days.

Q3. The proliferative (follicular) phase is dominated by which hormone?

a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) LH
d) Oxytocin

Answer: b) Estrogen
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Estrogen from growing follicles rebuilds endometrium.

Q4. Which event marks the transition from proliferative phase to secretory phase?

a) Ovulation
b) Menstruation
c) Fertilization
d) Implantation

Answer: a) Ovulation
Explanation:

• (a) Correct. Ovulation marks mid-cycle; luteal (secretory) phase follows.

Q5. The hormone responsible for ovulation is:

a) FSH surge
b) LH surge
c) Estrogen drop
d) Progesterone rise

Answer: b) LH surge
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Mid-cycle LH surge triggers ovulation.

Q6. The secretory phase of endometrium is maintained by:

a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) FSH
d) Oxytocin

Answer: b) Progesterone
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Progesterone (corpus luteum) maintains endometrium.

Q7. Corpus luteum forms after:

a) Follicular rupture at ovulation
b) Fertilization
c) Implantation
d) Menstruation

Answer: a) Follicular rupture at ovulation
Explanation:

• (a) Correct. Ruptured Graafian follicle → luteinized corpus luteum.

Q8. If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates after about:

a) 7 days
b) 10 days
c) 14 days
d) 21 days

Answer: c) 14 days
Explanation:

• (c) Correct. Luteal phase is fixed ~14 days.

Q9. During which phase is basal body temperature slightly raised?

a) Follicular phase
b) Luteal (secretory) phase
c) Menstrual phase
d) Proliferative phase

Answer: b) Luteal (secretory) phase
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Progesterone raises BBT post-ovulation.

Q10. Withdrawal of which hormone causes menstruation?

a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) LH
d) FSH

Answer: b) Progesterone
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Drop in progesterone (from corpus luteum regression) → endometrial shedding.

Q11. The first menstruation at puberty is called:

a) Menarche
b) Menopause
c) Ovulation
d) Fertility

Answer: a) Menarche
Explanation:

• (a) Correct. Menarche = first menstruation, onset of puberty.

Q12. Permanent cessation of menstruation around 45–50 years of age is:

a) Menarche
b) Menopause
c) Dysmenorrhea
d) Amenorrhea

Answer: b) Menopause
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Menopause marks end of reproductive years.

Q13. Absence of menstruation in reproductive age woman is called:

a) Dysmenorrhea
b) Amenorrhea
c) Oligomenorrhea
d) Menarche

Answer: b) Amenorrhea
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Amenorrhea = absence of menses.

Q14. Painful menstruation is termed:

a) Dysmenorrhea
b) Amenorrhea
c) Menarche
d) Menopause

Answer: a) Dysmenorrhea
Explanation:

• (a) Correct. Dysmenorrhea = painful cramps during menses.

Q15. Which hormone stimulates growth of ovarian follicles during follicular phase?

a) LH
b) FSH
c) Progesterone
d) hCG

Answer: b) FSH
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. FSH promotes follicle maturation.

Q16. The hormone level highest just before ovulation is:

a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) FSH
d) Oxytocin

Answer: b) Estrogen
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Estrogen peak induces LH surge.

Q17. The fixed phase of menstrual cycle is:

a) Follicular
b) Luteal
c) Menstrual
d) Proliferative

Answer: b) Luteal
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Luteal phase ~14 days, relatively constant.

Q18. Secretory changes in endometrium are due to:

a) FSH
b) LH
c) Progesterone
d) Estrogen

Answer: c) Progesterone
Explanation:

• (c) Correct. Progesterone induces secretory transformation.

Q19. Which hormone maintains corpus luteum in case of pregnancy?

a) FSH
b) LH
c) hCG
d) Oxytocin

Answer: c) hCG
Explanation:

• (c) Correct. hCG (from trophoblast) prevents luteum regression.

Q20. Anovulatory cycles are:

a) Cycles without menstruation
b) Cycles without ovulation
c) Cycles without estrogen
d) Cycles without progesterone

Answer: b) Cycles without ovulation
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Common in adolescence and perimenopause.

Q21. The proliferative phase of menstrual cycle corresponds to which ovarian phase?

a) Luteal phase
b) Follicular phase
c) Ovulatory phase
d) Secretory phase

Answer: b) Follicular phase
Explanation:

• (b) Correct. Follicular growth parallels proliferative endometrium.

Q22. Prolonged absence of menstruation (secondary amenorrhea) may be due to:

a) Pregnancy
b) Extreme stress
c) Malnutrition
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation:

• (d) Correct. Pregnancy, stress, malnutrition, illness all cause amenorrhea.

Q23. The LH surge is triggered by:

a) Rising estrogen levels from dominant follicle
b) Falling progesterone
c) High FSH
d) Prolactin secretion

Answer: a) Rising estrogen levels from dominant follicle
Explanation:

• (a) Correct. Estrogen exerts positive feedback → LH surge.

Q24. Progesterone is secreted by corpus luteum under influence of:

a) FSH
b) LH
c) hCG
d) Both b and c

Answer: d) Both b and c
Explanation:

• (d) Correct. LH maintains corpus luteum in non-pregnant cycles; hCG in pregnancy.

Q25. Assertion (A): Menstrual cycle is absent during pregnancy.

Reason (R): High progesterone and estrogen levels inhibit FSH and LH secretion.
a) Both A and R true; R correct explanation
b) Both A and R true; R not explanation
c) A true, R false
d) Both false

Answer: a) Both A and R true; R correct explanation

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