Part 5 – Transgenic Animals: Applications in Medicine, Physiology & Nutrition

Q1.

Transgenic animals are those which:
a) Carry genes from another species
b) Are selectively bred for traits
c) Are hybrids of two breeds
d) Have mutations in natural genes only

Answer: a) Carry genes from another species

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Transgenic = foreign gene introduced by genetic engineering.
(b) Incorrect → Selective breeding ≠ transgenic.
(c) Incorrect → Hybrids are natural crosses.
(d) Incorrect → Mutation ≠ transgenesis.

Q2.

Which was the first transgenic animal produced?
a) Sheep
b) Goat
c) Mouse
d) Cow

Answer: c) Mouse

Explanation:

(a) Sheep → Transgenic later (e.g., Polly, Dolly).
(b) Goat → Later used for medicine.
(c) Correct → Mouse was the first (1982).
(d) Cow → Later development.

Q3.

Which transgenic animal was produced for human protein “α1-antitrypsin” to treat emphysema?
a) Transgenic goat
b) Transgenic cow
c) Transgenic sheep
d) Transgenic mouse

Answer: c) Transgenic sheep

Explanation:

(a) Goat → Used for other proteins.
(b) Cow → Lactoferrin production.
(c) Correct → Sheep engineered to produce α1-antitrypsin in milk.
(d) Mouse → Used mainly in research.

Q4.

Which protein was produced by transgenic goats to treat blood clotting disorders?
a) α1-antitrypsin
b) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
c) Antithrombin III
d) Interferon

Answer: c) Antithrombin III

Explanation:

(a) α1-antitrypsin → Sheep.
(b) tPA → Produced in bacteria, not goats.
(c) Correct → Transgenic goats produced antithrombin III.
(d) Interferon → Made in microbes, not goats.

Q5.

The first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced milk enriched with:
a) Vitamin D
b) Human α-lactalbumin
c) Human β-casein
d) Lactoferrin

Answer: b) Human α-lactalbumin

Explanation:

(a) Vitamin D → Not in milk.
(b) Correct → Rosie’s milk had α-lactalbumin, nutritionally superior.
(c) β-casein → Not this case.
(d) Lactoferrin → Different project.

Q6.

Transgenic mice are commonly used for:
a) Vaccine testing
b) Cancer research
c) Immunology studies
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation:

(a) True → Used in vaccine safety.
(b) True → Oncogenes studied.
(c) True → Immune system models.
(d) Correct → All uses apply.

Q7.

Knockout mice are created by:
a) Overexpressing foreign genes
b) Inactivating specific genes
c) Inserting multiple genes
d) Crossbreeding transgenics

Answer: b) Inactivating specific genes

Explanation:

(a) Overexpressing → Transgenic, not knockout.
(b) Correct → Knockouts remove function of a gene.
(c) Inserting → Not knockout.
(d) Crossbreeding → Produces hybrids, not knockouts.

Q8.

Which transgenic animal is widely used to test the safety of vaccines before human trials?
a) Sheep
b) Mouse
c) Goat
d) Cow

Answer: b) Mouse

Explanation:

(a) Sheep → Not vaccine testing.
(b) Correct → Transgenic mice models widely used.
(c) Goat → Mainly for protein production.
(d) Cow → Not used in vaccine testing.

Q9.

The technique of producing transgenic animals by microinjection introduces foreign DNA into:
a) Egg cytoplasm
b) Male sperm cell
c) Embryonic stem cells
d) Pronucleus of fertilized egg

Answer: d) Pronucleus of fertilized egg

Explanation:

(a) Cytoplasm → Less effective.
(b) Sperm cell → Not direct.
(c) Stem cells → Another method, not microinjection.
(d) Correct → Microinjection into pronucleus is common.

Q10.

“Oncomice” are transgenic mice designed to study:
a) Diabetes
b) Cancer
c) Obesity
d) Infertility

Answer: b) Cancer

Explanation:

(a) Diabetes → Separate models.
(b) Correct → Carry oncogenes, cancer studies.
(c) Obesity → Different strains.
(d) Infertility → Not relevant.

Q11.

Which of the following transgenic animals is used for organ transplantation research (xenotransplantation)?
a) Transgenic pigs
b) Transgenic mice
c) Transgenic cows
d) Transgenic goats

Answer: a) Transgenic pigs

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Pig organs modified for compatibility.
(b) Mice → Too small for organ use.
(c) Cows → Not primary choice.
(d) Goats → Not used for organs.

Q12.

What is the purpose of creating transgenic fish?
a) Faster growth
b) Disease resistance
c) Bioluminescence for research
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation:

(a) True → Growth hormone gene.
(b) True → Disease resistance developed.
(c) True → Glow-fish models.
(d) Correct → All apply.

Q13.

The major ethical concern in using transgenic animals is:
a) Cost of production
b) Animal welfare issues
c) Low success rate
d) Lack of facilities

Answer: b) Animal welfare issues

Explanation:

(a) Cost → Practical concern, not ethical.
(b) Correct → Suffering, cloning failures raise ethical issues.
(c) Low success → Technical, not ethical.
(d) Facilities → Logistical, not ethical.

Q14.

Transgenic goats producing spider silk proteins in milk are an example of:
a) Biopharming
b) Nutraceutical crops
c) Cloning
d) Edible vaccines

Answer: a) Biopharming

Explanation:

(a) Correct → GM animals producing industrial proteins.
(b) Nutraceutical → Applies to GM crops, not goats.
(c) Cloning → Different concept.
(d) Edible vaccines → Plants, not goats.

Q15.

Which method uses embryonic stem cells for producing transgenic animals?
a) Pronuclear microinjection
b) Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
c) Retroviral vector method
d) Electroporation

Answer: b) Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer

Explanation:

(a) Pronuclear → Direct injection.
(b) Correct → Stem cells modified then introduced into embryos.
(c) Retroviral → Another method, not stem-cell based.
(d) Electroporation → Used for DNA entry, not specific.

Q16.

Which transgenic animal model is used in Alzheimer’s disease research?
a) Transgenic mouse
b) Transgenic cow
c) Transgenic goat
d) Transgenic sheep

Answer: a) Transgenic mouse

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Mouse models mimic Alzheimer’s pathology.
(b) Cows → Not used for brain disease research.
(c) Goats → Not for Alzheimer’s.
(d) Sheep → Not typical.

Q17.

Why are transgenic animals useful in studying gene regulation?
a) Genes can be turned on/off and studied
b) They grow faster
c) They produce more proteins
d) They resist diseases

Answer: a) Genes can be turned on/off and studied

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Study promoter functions.
(b) Incorrect → Growth not focus.
(c) Incorrect → Protein not main reason.
(d) Incorrect → Resistance is secondary.

Q18.

Which transgenic animal was developed to produce human lactoferrin in milk?
a) Cow
b) Goat
c) Pig
d) Mouse

Answer: a) Cow

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Cows engineered for lactoferrin production.
(b) Goats → Antithrombin III.
(c) Pigs → Xenotransplantation.
(d) Mouse → Research only.

Q19.

Which method of gene transfer uses retroviruses to introduce genes into animals?
a) Microinjection
b) Retroviral vector method
c) Electroporation
d) Liposome transfer

Answer: b) Retroviral vector method

Explanation:

(a) Microinjection → Direct DNA into pronucleus.
(b) Correct → Retrovirus inserts genes into host genome.
(c) Electroporation → Electric pulses.
(d) Liposomes → Used in vitro, not for animals commonly.

Q20.

Which statement about transgenic animals is FALSE?
a) They are used to produce therapeutic proteins
b) They are created only by natural breeding
c) They help in studying human diseases
d) They can be used for vaccine testing

Answer: b) They are created only by natural breeding

Explanation:

(a) True → Many proteins produced.
(b) False → Made via genetic engineering.
(c) True → Disease models exist.
(d) True → Vaccine testing.

Q21.

“Pharming” using transgenic animals refers to:
a) Farming without pesticides
b) Animals producing pharmaceuticals
c) Animal cloning
d) Traditional dairy farming

Answer: b) Animals producing pharmaceuticals

Explanation:

(a) Incorrect → That’s organic farming.
(b) Correct → Transgenic animals engineered to secrete drugs in milk.
(c) Incorrect → Cloning ≠ pharming.
(d) Incorrect → Traditional dairy unrelated.

Q22.

Which transgenic animal is used in cystic fibrosis research?
a) Mouse
b) Cow
c) Goat
d) Fish

Answer: a) Mouse

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Mouse models mimic cystic fibrosis symptoms.
(b) Cow → Not used.
(c) Goat → Not used.
(d) Fish → Not for CF research.

Q23.

In transgenic technology, “gene knockout” helps in:
a) Studying the function of specific genes
b) Enhancing crop yield
c) Producing hybrid seeds
d) Increasing milk production

Answer: a) Studying the function of specific genes

Explanation:

(a) Correct → Knockouts show gene role by absence.
(b) Incorrect → That’s crop breeding.
(c) Incorrect → Hybrids not via knockout.
(d) Incorrect → Not primary aim.

Q24.

Which transgenic animal was first cloned successfully?
a) Goat
b) Sheep (Dolly)
c) Mouse
d) Cow

Answer: b) Sheep (Dolly)

Explanation:

(a) Goat → Not first.
(b) Correct → Dolly cloned in 1996, though not transgenic.
(c) Mouse → First transgenic, not first cloned.
(d) Cow → Not first.

Q25.

Which of the following is NOT an application of transgenic animals?
a) Production of human proteins
b) Testing vaccine safety
c) Studying human diseases
d) Production of biogas

Answer: d) Production of biogas

Explanation:

(a) True → Many proteins produced.
(b) True → Vaccine testing.
(c) True → Disease models.
(d) Correct → Biogas from microbes, not animals.

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Part 5 – Transgenic Animals: Applications in Medicine, Physiology & Nutrition